Investigation of rupture process of the 1999 M =5.4 Xiuyan, Liaoning, earthquake sequence

Conclusions The sequence of the November 29, 1999 Xiuyan, Liaoning, earthquake withM _S=5.4 is relocated, and its rupture process is analyzed. Results are as follows: The rupture extended mainly before the January 12, 2000,M _S=5.1 earthquake. There are two phases of rupture extending: The first phase was before the November 29, 1999,M _S=5.4 earthquake, epicenters were situated within a small region with a dimension of about 5 km, and the focal depth increased. It shows that the rupture mainly extended from shallow part to deep in the vertical direction. The second phase was between theM _S=5.4 earthquake and theM _S=5.1 earthquake, earthquakes migrated along southeast, the focal depth decreased. It indicates that the rupture extended along southeast and from deep to shallow part. Foundation item: The Project of “Mechanism and Prediction of the Strong Continental Earthquake” (95-13-05-04). Contribution No. 01FE2017, Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau.     

Delineation of sulphide ore-zones by borehole radar tomography at Hellyer Mine, Australia

Velocity and absorption tomograms are the two most common forms of presentation of radar tomographic data. However, mining personnel, geophysicists included, are often unfamiliar with radar velocity and absorption. In this paper, general formulae are introduced, relating velocity and attenuation coefficient to conductivity and dielectric constant. The formulae are valid for lossy media as well as high-resistivity materials. The transformation of velocity and absorption to conductivity and dielectric constant is illustrated via application of the formulae to radar tomograms from the Hellyer zinc–lead–silver mine, Tasmania, Australia. The resulting conductivity and dielectric constant tomograms constructed at Hellyer demonstrated the potential of radar tomography to delineate sulphide ore zones.     

Characteristics of surface ground motions induced by blasts in jointed rock mass

An in-situ experimental program in a jointed rock mass was designed and implemented to investigate the rock joint effects on stress wave propagation. Accelerometers were placed on rock surface along three lines at 0, 45 and 90° to the predominant rock joint strike direction. Eight blasts were detonated in a charge hole drilled in the rock mass. The equivalent TNT blast weight ranged from 2.5 to 50.0 kg and the loading density (charge weight divided by the charge chamber volume) varied from 1 to 20.0 kg/m³. A fully coupled detonation with a charge weight of 25.0 kg was also exploded to study the coupling effect. The recorded data are presented and analyzed in this paper. The effects of rock joints on characteristics of stress wave propagation such as peak value attenuation, spectrum, and spatial variations are discussed.     

Geological barrier– a natural rock stratum for preventing confined karst water from flowing into mines in North China

Coalfields in North China encompassing more than ten Provinces contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The lower three seams, accounting for 37% of the total reserves, are threatened with karst water from the underlain Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush incidences have occurred in which a large amount of water suddenly flows into tunnels or working faces under high potentiometric pressure and over 30 mines have been flooded over the last 20 years. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice has caused sinkholes, dry springs, water supply shortage, and groundwater contamination in the surrounding areas, which is environmentally not permitted. One of the alternative water control measures is to make full use of the rock layer between the coal seam and the karst aquifer as a geological barrier. Similar to the application in the nuclear industry where a geological barrier is used to contain radioactive wastes, the barrier of this application is considered a hydraulic barrier as well with the objective to prevent or constrain water flow from the underlying aquifer into mines. Its effectiveness to constrain water flow is described by a parameter referred to as hydrofracturing pressure (P_hf). When the water pressure in the underlying aquifer exceeds P_hf, a wedging effect takes place within the fractures of the geological barrier and, as a result, water inrush occurs. In-situ hydrofracturing tests were used to determine P_hf in bauxite and silty sandstone at tunnels. The P_hf in the silty sandstone is larger than that in the bauxite but they both vary with depth (distance from the bottom of the tunnel). Based on the test results, a new safety criterion for water inrush was derived for mines and it has been successfully applied to mining practices with the minimum effort of dewatering in the karst aquifer. The same criterion can also be applied to tunneling and quarrying in areas with similar geological conditions.     

Ocean Ridge Granite and Its Geochemical Characteristics in Western Qinghai—Xizang Plateau

In our work,ocean ridge granite,i.e., Oytan plagiogranite massif,was discovered in western Qinghai-Xizang plateau.It intruded into the basic lava of the Oytag ophiolite suite and it was formed a little later than the (ultra)mafic rocks of the Oytag ophiolite suite.The Oytang plagiogranite possesses the geochemical characteristics of mantle-source granite and was formed in the “supre-subduction zone”(SSZ)ocean ridge environment,like the ocean ridge granite of Troodos,Cypus.     

Geochemistry of Basic Dykes in Wudang Block and Its Tectonic Significance

Geochemical characteristics of the Neoproterozoic basic dykes widely exposed in the Wudang block of South Qinling show that the dykes possess the characteristics of continental tholeiitic basalts and were formed in a setting of continental rifting.Therefore,there was an ancient continental block in the areas of southern Qinling and Yangtze block during the Jinning period,and an important firting event of this ancient block occurred in the Early Neoproterozoic.     

插值计算不规则图形面积的方法选择

采用实际的不规则图形作为评价图形，讨论了几种不同插值方法的面积计算精度，得出了对实际工作指导意义的结论。     

自动搜索最小多边形算法的研究

多边形的自动搜索是ＧＩＳ空间分析的基本算法之一，同时也在地籍拆宗、导线网闭合环的闭合差计算等领域有着重要的作用。本文依据一般的图形数据结构，提出了一种结点标记的搜索算法，利用该算法可自动搜索出所有独立的最小多边形。     

VARIABILITY OF AEROSOL OPTICAL PROPERTIES OVER HEFEI DURING SEPTEMBER 1993 TO SEPTEMBER 1994

An 8-wavelength sun-photometer has been operated at Hefei (31.31°N, 117.17°E) to monitoroptical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Altogether 133 solar spectral extinction data were ob-tained on clear days during the period from September 1993 through September 1994, In this pa-per, the feature of the sun-photometer is briefly described. A relative aureole method is intro-duced. which can be used to monitor temporal evolution of aerosol loading during the sun-pho-tometer calibration period. Temporal variabilities of spectral aerosol optical depths and Angstromturbidity parameters are presented. Relation of these variabilities with synoptic and local meteoro-logical conditions are analyzed and discussed, From measured spectral aerosol optical depths undersome representative atmospheric conditions, columnar aerosol size distributions have been retrievedby a linearly constrained inversion method. These typical columnar aerosol size distributions are al-so presented and discussed.     

MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE VARIATIONS AT DIFFERENT BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRECURSORS

Ozone photochemical production and loss in very different environments at Waliguan baselinestation and Lin'an background station were simulated by using the measurement data and photo-chemical box model.The results show that net ozone photochemical production rate is negative,about 0.5 ppb/d,at Waliguan baseline sation,because of very low precursor concentrations.Butat Lin'an background station,the net photochemical ozone production is positive,about 2—3 ppb/h.which is very closed with the measurement at Lin'an.That means ozone production was con-trolled by photochemical reactions at Lin'an background station,because of the higher precursorconcentrations.The net destruction rate,at Waliguan Mt.,is not large,so that future increase inanthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen will lead to larger production rates of steady-state O_3concentration.