Numerical examination of the factors controlling DNAPL migration through a single fracture

The migration of five dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) through a single fracture in a clay aquitard was numerically simulated with the use of a compositional simulator. The effects of fracture aperture, fracture dip, matrix porosity, and matrix organic carbon content on the migration of chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetra-chloroethylene, and 1,2-dibromoethane were examined. Boundary conditions were chosen such that DNAPL entry into the system was allowed to vary according to the stresses applied. The aperture is the most important factor of those studied controlling the migration rate of DNAPL through a single fracture embedded in a clay matrix. Loss of mass to the matrix through diffusion does not significantly retard the migration rate of the DNAPL, particularly in larger aperture fractures (e.g., 50 microm). With time, the ratio of diffusive loss to the matrix to DNAPL flux into the fracture approaches an asymptotic value lower than unity. The implication is that matrix diffusion cannot arrest the migration of DNAPL in a single fracture. The complex relationships between density, viscosity, and solubility that, to some extent, govern the migration of DNAPL through these systems prevent accurate predictions without the use of numerical models. The contamination potential of the migrating DNAPL is significantly increased through the transfer of mass to the matrix. The occurrence of opposite concentration gradients within the matrix can cause dissolved phase contamination to exist in the system for more than 1000 years after the DNAPL has been completely removed from the fracture.     

GPS差分定位中的物理相关

对ＧＰＳ载波相位观测值中的误差和偏差的模拟和修正通常难以完善，剩余的残差成份表现出高度的时空相关性。若忽略这种相关性常常会使平差中的观测值及差分点位的精度估计过高。克服这种不利影响的一种方法是在观测值的协方差模型中顾及这一时空相关性。本文针对ＧＰＳ载波相位中残余误差和偏差研究了几种获取适当的协方差函数的可能方法，并介绍了如何根据经验确定协方差函数的近似方法。     

GPS动态定位中相位模糊度的解算方法

本文提出一种联合利用载波相观测量和伪距测量，采用适当的搜索算法来求解正确相位模糊度的模型。初步结果表明，对于短基线（＜１０ｋｍ），采用本算法只需约２分钟的动态观测即可得正确的相位模糊度，且动态接收机的定位精度达１－２ｃｍ。     

Concentration rebound following in situ chemical oxidation in fractured clay

A two-dimensional, transient-flow, and transport numerical model was developed to simulate in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene by potassium permanganate in fractured clay. This computer model incorporates dense, nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution, reactive aquifer material, multispecies matrix diffusion, and kinetic formulations for the oxidation reactions. A sensitivity analysis for two types of parameters, hydrogeological and engineering, including matrix porosity, matrix organic carbon, fracture aperture, potassium permanganate dosage, and hydraulic gradient, was conducted. Remediation metrics investigated were the relative rebound concentrations arising from back diffusion and percent mass destroyed. No well-defined correlation was found between the magnitude of rebound concentrations during postremedy monitoring and the amount of contaminant mass destroyed during the application. Results indicate that all investigated parameters affect ISCO remediation in some form. Results indicate that when advective transport through the fracture is dominant relative to diffusive transport into the clay matrix (large System Peclet Number), permanganate is more likely to be flushed out of the system and treatment is not optimal. If the System Peclet Number is too small, indicating that diffusion into the matrix is dominant relative to advection through the fracture, permanganate does not traverse the entire fracture, leading to postremediation concentration rebound. Optimal application of ISCO requires balancing advective transport through the fracture with diffusive transport into the clay matrix.     

利用伪卫星技术提高GPS定位质量的方法

差分GPS定位(DGPS)可显著提高GPS导航、定位的精度。但在卫星几何分布图形不良或个别方向卫星信号失锁的情况下,DGPS将失去其作用。若将发布差分改正信息的基准站看成伪GPS卫星(简称伪卫星),则可极大地改善差分定位的精度。本文结合国外的试验成果,将这一技术作一介绍,可对我国建立海上差分GPS观测模式时参考。     

Temporal and spatial variability of fecal indicator bacteria in the surf zone off Huntington Beach, CA

Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations measured in the surf zone off Huntington Beach, CA from July 1998-December 2001 were analyzed with respect to their spatial patterns along 23 km of beach, and temporal variability on time scales from hourly to fortnightly. The majority of samples had bacterial concentrations less than, or equal to, the minimum detection limit, but a small percentage exceeded the California recreational water standards. Areas where coliform bacteria exceeded standards were more prevalent north of the Santa Ana River, whereas enterococci exceedances covered a broad area both north and south of the river. Higher concentrations of bacteria were associated with spring tides. No temporal correspondence was found between these bacterial events and either the timing of cold water pulses near shore due to internal tides, or the presence of southerly swell in the surface wave field. All three fecal indicator bacteria exhibited a diel cycle, but enterococci rebounded to high nighttime values almost as soon as the sun went down, whereas coliform levels were highest near the nighttime low tide, which was also the lower low tide.     

GPS载波相位模糊度的解算方法及其存在的问题

载波相位观测量是ＧＰＳ精密定位的重要观测量，如何快速而准确地求解相位模糊度，是提高ＧＰＳ定位精度和作业效率的关键。本文对目前存在的各种解算方法进行了系统整理和分析比较，并提出了模糊度解算中存在的问题所采取的对策。     

拉恰地震的追踪

拉恰地震的追踪斯特拉霍夫（Ｂ．Ｈ．ＣＴｐａＸｏＢ）１９９１年４月２９日发生的拉恰地震是高加索整个地震观测历史上最强的地震。在地震区内，过去一般没有预报过如此巨大能量的地震（震级约为７级），即这次地震又一次填补了现有的普通地震区划图的不足之处。实际上，...     

Water quality impacts of stormwater discharges to Santa Monica Bay

Urban stormwater runoff is a major source of contaminants to southern California's coastal waters, yet little is known about the fate and effects of these discharges. A 3-year multidisciplinary project was conducted to investigate the dispersion of stormwater plumes in Santa Monica Bay and the resultant impacts on the water column and benthos. This paper describes the toxicity component of the study. Sea urchin fertilization toxicity tests were conducted on stormwater from the two largest discharges into the bay: Ballona Creek, which drains a highly urbanized watershed, and Malibu Creek, which receives runoff from a largely undeveloped watershed. Every sample of Ballona Creek stormwater tested was toxic (usually >5 toxic units), while Malibu Creek stormwater had a lower frequency and magnitude of toxicity (usually <4 toxic units). Surface water samples collected within the Ballona Creek stormwater discharge plume were always toxic whenever the concentration of stormwater in the plume exceeded 10%. The toxic portion of the Ballona Creek stormwater plume extended more than 4 km offshore on one occasion. Toxicity identification studies indicated that zinc was the primary cause of toxicity in both Ballona Creek stormwater and the discharge plume. No acute sediment toxicity (10-day amphipod survival) was present in the study area, although interstitial water toxicity was present at some stations located near the mouth of Ballona Creek. Differences in watershed characteristics likely were responsible for the greater toxicity of the Ballona Creek stormwater discharge plume. The Ballona Creek watershed contained a greater degree of urbanization (83% versus 12% for Malibu Creek) and the presence of a network of concrete flood control channels resulted in a stormwater plume containing elevated concentrations of toxins that received less initial dilution (compared to Malibu Creek) in the nearshore environment.