用于公路滑溜状况预测的数值预报系统

该文论述对丹麦公路站点滑溜路面状况进行自动预测的一个数值预报系统。该系统建立在由大气有限区域业务模式输入的路面状况模式的基础之一。在经过改进的、包括能对每个测站的通量资料进行订正的初始化程序中，使用了各公路站点观测的云量、温度和温度等观测资料。该系统在丹麦气象研究所答询业务中投入运行。目前２００个公路站点每小时的新的预报，可在５ｈ前作出，两个选定时段的模式预报和业务运动结果表明，该系统具有潜在的优     

On the use and error of approximation in the Domenico (1987) solution

A mathematical solution for solute transport in a three-dimensional porous medium with a patch source under steady-state, uniform ground water flow conditions was developed by Domenico (1987). The solution derivation strategy used an approximate approach to solve the boundary value problem, resulting in a nonexact solution. Variations of the Domenico (1987) solution are incorporated into the software programs BIOSCREEN and BIOCHLOR, which are frequently used to evaluate subsurface contaminant transport problems. This article mathematically elucidates the error in the approximation and presents simulations that compare different versions of the Domenico (1987) solution to an exact analytical solution to demonstrate the potential error inherent in the approximate expressions. Results suggest that the accuracy of the approximate solutions is highly variable and dependent on the selection of input parameters. For solute transport in a medium-grained sand aquifer, the Domenico (1987) solution underpredicts solute concentrations along the centerline of the plume by as much as 80% depending on the case of interest. Increasing the dispersivity, time, or dimensionality of the system leads to increased error. Because more accurate exact analytical solutions exist, we suggest that the Domenico (1987) solution, and its predecessor and successor approximate solutions, need not be employed as the basis for screening tools at contaminated sites.     

Hydraulic displacement of dense nonaqueous phase liquids for source zone stabilization

Hydraulic displacement is a mass removal technology suitable for stabilization of a dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone, where stabilization is defined as reducing DNAPL saturations and reducing the risk of future pool mobilization. High resolution three-dimensional multiphase flow simulations incorporating a spatially correlated, heterogeneous porous medium illustrate that hydraulic displacement results in an increase in the amount of residual DNAPL present, which in turn results in increased solute concentrations in groundwater, an increase in the rate of DNAPL dissolution, and an increase in the solute mass flux. A higher percentage of DNAPL recovery is associated with higher initial DNAPL release volumes, lower density DNAPLs, more heterogeneous porous media, and increased drawdown of groundwater at extraction wells. The fact that higher rates of recovery are associated with more heterogeneous porous media stems from the fact that larger contrasts in permeability provide for a higher proportion of capillary barriers upon which DNAPL pooling and lateral migration can occur. Across all scenarios evaluated in this study, the ganglia-to-pool (GTP) ratio generally increased from approximately 0.1 to between approximately 0.3 and 0.7 depending on the type of DNAPL, the degree of heterogeneity, and the imposed hydraulic gradient. The volume of DNAPL recovered as a result of implementing hydraulic displacement ranged from between 9.4% and 45.2% of the initial release volume, with the largest percentage recovery associated with 1,1,1 trichloroethane, the least dense of the three DNAPLs considered.     

Numerical examination of the factors controlling DNAPL migration through a single fracture

The migration of five dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) through a single fracture in a clay aquitard was numerically simulated with the use of a compositional simulator. The effects of fracture aperture, fracture dip, matrix porosity, and matrix organic carbon content on the migration of chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetra-chloroethylene, and 1,2-dibromoethane were examined. Boundary conditions were chosen such that DNAPL entry into the system was allowed to vary according to the stresses applied. The aperture is the most important factor of those studied controlling the migration rate of DNAPL through a single fracture embedded in a clay matrix. Loss of mass to the matrix through diffusion does not significantly retard the migration rate of the DNAPL, particularly in larger aperture fractures (e.g., 50 microm). With time, the ratio of diffusive loss to the matrix to DNAPL flux into the fracture approaches an asymptotic value lower than unity. The implication is that matrix diffusion cannot arrest the migration of DNAPL in a single fracture. The complex relationships between density, viscosity, and solubility that, to some extent, govern the migration of DNAPL through these systems prevent accurate predictions without the use of numerical models. The contamination potential of the migrating DNAPL is significantly increased through the transfer of mass to the matrix. The occurrence of opposite concentration gradients within the matrix can cause dissolved phase contamination to exist in the system for more than 1000 years after the DNAPL has been completely removed from the fracture.     

GPS载波相位模糊度的解算方法及其存在的问题

载波相位观测量是ＧＰＳ精度定位的重要观测量，如何快速而准确地求解相位模糊度，是提高ＧＰＳ定位精度和作业效率的关键，本文对目前存在的各种解算方法进行了系统整理和分析比较，并提出了模糊度解算中存在的问题所采取的对策。     

GPS差分定位中的物理相关

对ＧＰＳ载波相位观测值中的误差和偏差的模拟和修正通常难以完善，剩余的残差成份表现出高度的时空相关性。若忽略这种相关性常常会使平差中的观测值及差分点位的精度估计过高。克服这种不利影响的一种方法是在观测值的协方差模型中顾及这一时空相关性。本文针对ＧＰＳ载波相位中残余误差和偏差研究了几种获取适当的协方差函数的可能方法，并介绍了如何根据经验确定协方差函数的近似方法。