Stagnant lids and mantle overturns:Implications for Archaean tectonics,magmagenesis,crustal growth,mantle evolution,and the start of plate tectonics

The lower plate is the dominant agent in modern convergent margins characterized by active subduction,as negatively buoyant oceanic lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere under its own weight.This is a strong plate-driving force because the slab-pull force is transmitted through the stiff sub-oceanic lithospheric mantle.As geological and geochemical data seem inconsistent with the existence of modernstyle ridges and arcs in the Archaean,a periodically-destabilized stagnant-lid crust system is proposed instead.Stagnant-lid intervals may correspond to periods of layered mantle convection where efficient cooling was restricted to the upper mantle,perturbing Earth's heat generation/loss balance,eventually triggering mantle overturns.Archaean basalts were derived from fertile mantle in overturn upwelling zones(OUZOs),which were larger and longer-lived than post-Archaean plumes.Early cratons/continents probably formed above OUZOs as large volumes of basalt and komatiite were delivered for protracted periods,allowing basal crustal cannibalism,garnetiferous crustal restite delamination,and coupled development of continental crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle.Periodic mixing and rehomogenization during overturns retarded development of isotopically depleted MORB(mid-ocean ridge basalt)mantle.Only after the start of true subduction did sequestration of subducted slabs at the coremantle boundary lead to the development of the depleted MORB mantle source.During Archaean mantle overturns,pre-existing continents located above OUZOs would be strongly reworked;whereas OUZOdistal continents would drift in response to mantle currents.The leading edge of drifting Archaean continents would be convergent margins characterized by terrane accretion,imbrication,subcretion and anatexis of unsubductable oceanic lithosphere.As Earth cooled and the background oceanic lithosphere became denser and stiffer,there would be an increasing probability that oceanic crustal segments could founder in an organized way,producing a gradual evolution of pre-subduction convergent margins into modern-style active subduction systems around 2.5 Ga.Plate tectonics today is constituted of:(1)a continental drift system that started in the Early Archaean,driven by deep mantle currents pressing against the Archaean-age sub-continental lithospheric mantle keels that underlie Archaean cratons;(2)a subduction-driven system that started near the end of the Archaean.     

致密砂岩储集层成岩相定量划分及其测井识别方法

为研究鄂尔多斯盆地长8油层组储集层的岩石学、成岩作用类型和强度等特征,本文对该储集层开展了普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜分析等工作。结果显示,在视压实率、视胶结率和视溶蚀率定量计算的基础上,根据成岩作用强度及其组合特征对成岩相分类命名,将储集层划分为强压实强胶结中等溶解、强压实强胶结弱溶解、中等压实中等胶结弱溶解和强压实弱胶结弱溶解4种不同的成岩相,并选取成岩综合系数作为不同成岩相的定量表征参数。选取声波时差、密度等对成岩相响应较灵敏的测井曲线,通过岩心薄片刻度测井的方法建立了视压实率、视胶结率和视溶蚀率的测井定量识别模型,并对池46等井的测井资料进行了处理,以验证模型的准确性。     

Rock-magnetic characteristics and mechanisms of the Titel loess-paleosol sequence in northern Serbia since late Middle Pleistocene

The changing pattern of magnetic characteristics in eastern European loess deposits is the most similar across the world to that of the Chinese Loess Plateau,both of which are dominated by the strength of pedogenesis.Hence a systematical study to the rock magnetism of eastern European loess is not only helpful for understanding the paleoclimatic information preserved by themselves,but also beneficial for promoting the cognition of the pedogenic mechanism in loess records.In this study,a detailed rock-magnetic analysis of seventy loess/paleosol samples,taken from the Titel Loess Plateau in northern Serbia,is carried out for a better understanding of the magnetic records since late Middle Pleistocene.The results provide us some implications.First,the magnetic susceptibility values of the paleosols in the Titel loess-paleosol sequence are generally less than 100×10^-8m³kg^-1,significantly lower than those of the loess sections in the Chinese Loess Plateau,even though they are under similar climatic conditions.However,the behaviors of the parameters related to the distributions of magnetic particles in these two regions are similar.The difference in the contents of ferrimagnetic minerals is the leading reason that caused the difference in their magnetic characteristics,but the mechanism is still open to study.Second,based on the analysis of thermomagnetic curves,a gradually increasing trend of the relative contents of maghemite over the last four glacial-interglacial cycles is identified.The realization of thermally unstable maghemite from Chinese loess leads us to speculate that the long-term increasing trend of the relative contents of maghemite in Titel loess-paleosol sequence likely is a mineralogical response to the progressive enhancement of continental climate in the Pannonian Basin since the Middle Pleistocene.     

Geochemistry of volcanic glass from Mahanadi offshore region,eastern continental margin of India:Constraints on the contribution of latest Toba super-eruption

The tephra layers in multiple sediment cores from the offshore region of the Mahanadi basin in the northern Bay of Bengal were investigated for possible volcanic sources. The glass shards from those tephra layers were studied for size distribution, texture, and elemental geochemistry to establish chronostratigraphic markers for regional and global Quaternary correlation. The textural features of fine-grained(silty) volcanic glasses suggest the distal source of these tephra deposits. Major elemen...     

俄罗斯极地乌拉尔硬玉岩成因矿物学研究

俯冲带是壳-幔物质循环的重要场所,硬玉岩可以记录这一循环过程。文中总结了俄罗斯极地乌拉尔硬玉岩的研究进展。硬玉岩呈脉状或透镜状产在蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩中,主要由硬玉和绿辉石组成。根据结构和颜色,硬玉可识别出两个世代。硬玉韵律环带发育,含有H₂O和CH₄流体包裹体,显示从流体中结晶的特征。硬玉岩中的锆石为热液锆石,锆石稀土元素中La_N/Yb_N=0.001~0.01,Lu_N/Gd_N=10~83,Ce/Ce^*=2.8~72,显示正异常,δEu=0.53~1.02,类似于岩浆锆石。锆石的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf=0.282 708~0.283 017,ε_Hf(t)=+6~+17,类似于N-MORB的Hf同位素组成,锆石δ¹⁸O组成为5.03‰~6.04‰,平均δ¹⁸O为(5.45±0.11)‰,类似于岩浆热液和地幔的氧同位素组成。这可能反映了锆石是被俯冲带流体从途经火成岩中捕获的或者形成锆石的流体与寄主岩(方辉橄榄岩)达到了平衡。硬玉岩稀土元素配分模式近平坦或轻稀土元素略显富集,La_N/Yb_N比值为0.82~2.42,δEu为1.2~1.6,显示正异常,这与寄主岩稀土元素配分模式相似。富集Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf,Nb为负异常,与岛弧岩浆特征类似。(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t为0.703 400~0.703 519(t=368 Ma),变化较小,与古海水差别明显;ε_Nd(t)值为+0.77~+5.61,变化较大,与寄主岩(方辉橄榄岩)的Nd同位素组成类似,但不同于海水及沉积物的Nd同位素组成,表明硬玉岩的物质来源与寄主岩有明显继承关系,海水与沉积物的贡献不是主要的。矿物学和岩石学证据支持极地乌拉尔的硬玉岩主要是俯冲带流体与橄榄岩相互作用后并在其中结晶的产物。     

大西洋中脊轴部裂谷与佛得角断裂东部连接处的地貌构造

大西洋中脊轴部裂谷与佛得角断裂东部连接处的地貌构造Г．В．Аганова等大洋中脊和与其共轭的断裂区是详细研究的主要对象之一,研究中运用了综合技术手段,首先是多道回声仪,旁侧声纳和下潜仪器。对大西洋中脊不同地段获取的资料,揭示了以前未知的大西洋中脊轴...     

多源遥感影像数据融合方法探讨

在简要分析几种常用多源遥感图像融合方法的基础上,着重探讨了基于小波变换融合方法的特点以及小波变换与其他方法相结合使用的优势,为相关工作提供借鉴。     

STUDIES ON CULTURE CONDITIONS OF BENTHIC DIATOMS FOR FEEDING ABALONE I.EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH RATE

INTRODUCTIONBenthicdiatomscomPrisethemaininitialfoodforjuvenileabalone.ItisimPortanttocIJlturehighqualitybenthicdiatornsduringtheeariystageofjuvenileabaloneculture.AtpresentthespeCesofbenthicdiatomsusedinabalonebedingfannsprirnarilycomefromnaturalpopulations.SomespedesinseveralgenerasuchasNavicula,Ntzchia,Caroneis,Achnanthes,AmPhoraareusuallythedothenantspch(Chen,etal.,l977,Ukiandaxuchi,l979,Nonnan-Boudnauetal.,l986,Austinetal.l990).Inordertoselodsornespedeswithhighadaptability,fas…     

青藏高原的地质学演化

在比印度-欧亚碰撞区更广阔的范围最好地察看了青藏高原的地质学演化。在碰撞之后的50Ma,西藏的中部和西部的地壳缩短,而巨大的岩石层块体从碰撞区域向西太平洋和印度尼西亚的海沟俯冲回转区移动。快速的太平洋海沟迁移的停止（大约15～20Ma前）,与该高原远处块体挤出的变慢相一致,而且可能是由于西藏东部快速的地表隆升和地壳变厚导致的。后来出现的深部地壳快速向东流动可能是和西藏东部下面由地震成像的地壳通道有关。这些事件标志着向符合西藏内部形变的现代结构系统的转变。     

海南地幔柱上地幔结构新的地震学约束

给出了由近震和远震数据确定的海南地幔柱上地幔高分辨率层析成像结果。远震到时数据是由海南岛和雷州半岛9个固定地震台站记录的地震波形中精确提取的。我们的结果显示,在海南热点下方从地表到250km深度,地壳中存在高达-5％而在地幔仅-2％的明显低速异常。海南地幔柱被成像为西北-东南向倾斜的、直径约80km的连续低速柱状异常体。由于较密集数据覆盖和精细模型参数化,我们的结果相对于先前的局部和全球层析成像研究有了明显的改进。海南地幔柱的这种倾斜可以用数值模拟的结果来解释。地幔柱在上地幔中的倾斜可能与海洋板块的俯冲有关,特别是与菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块的挤压有关。但最可能的是,这种倾斜是地幔柱在下地幔扭曲后靠浮力上浮至上地幔形成的。