地震地面运动的估计问题

感谢地震工程研究会的热情邀请,使我有机会出席为纪念研究会成立50周年而举行的讲演会。     

地下水中铀的反应运移模拟

地下水中铀的反应运移模拟对地下水保护和铀矿区的恢复都很重要, 因为铀是一种化学毒害性很高的放射性元素.在地下水及水与固体之间都应考虑对流、弥散、稀释、吸附等化学相互作用.介绍了德国德累斯顿市附近的Koenigstein矿区淋滤条件的可行性研究结果.由于反应运移模拟需占用大量的CPU时间, 所有的运行在一天内完成, 但用简单的混合法进行了稀释.对于这种研究, PHREEQC 2.2证明是一个功能很强的工具.与PHREEQC相对应的数据库WATEQ4F涉及到48种元素、400多种物质、300多种矿物.根据铀和镭的特性, 对其作了一定的修改, 以使它更具相容性和可靠性.      

Cobalt Deposits in the Central China Orogenic Belt

Cobalt mostly occurs as an associated metal in Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, skarn Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits and volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) or sedex deposits. There are different types of cobalt deposits in the Central China orogenic belt. In the Tamu-Kalangu Mississippi-valley type Pb-Zn deposits, many cobalt-nickel sulphide minerals were found. The cobalt content of the ore is 0.064%-0.46% in sedex-type Kendekeke Fe-Pb-Zn-Au deposits, and cobalt sulphide veins with Co contents of 4%-9% have also been found. About 28000 tons of cobalt reserves were delineated in the Dur'ngoi Cu-Co-Zn deposit of VHMS type in the A'nyemaqen Mountains. It is considered that the exploration potential for cobalt is attractive in this district, especially in sedex-type deposits and Co-rich sulphide veins in sedex-type Fe, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits and their surroundings.     

NEOTECTONICS ALONG THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU: INFERENCES FROM BEDROCK RIVER INCISION PATTERNS

NEOTECTONICS ALONG THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU: INFERENCES FROM BEDROCK RIVER INCISION PATTERNS1　ChenZ,BurchfielBC ,LiuY ,etal.GPSmeasurementsfromeasternTibetandtheirimplicationsforIndia/Eurasiaintracon tinentaldeformation[J] .JournalofGeophysicalResearch ,2 0 0 0 (inpress) . 2　KingRW ,ShenF ,BurchfielBC ,etal.GeodeticmeasurementofcrustalmotioninsouthwestChina.Geology,1997,2 5,179～ 182 . 3　KirbyE ,WhippleKX ,Burchfie…     

Effects of the pharmaceuticals gemfibrozil and diclofenac on the marine mussel (Mytilus spp.) and their comparison with standardized toxicity tests

Human pharmaceuticals, like the lipid lowering agent gemfibrozil and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac are causing environmental concern. In this study, the marine mussel (Mytilus spp.) was exposed by injection to environmentally relevant and elevated (1 μg/L and 1000 μg/L) concentrations of both compounds and biomarker expression was observed. Gemfibrozil exposure induced biomarkers of stress (glutathione S-transferase and metallothionein) at both concentrations 24 h and 96 h after exposure, respectively. Biomarkers of damage (lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage) were significantly affected, as well as the biomarker for reproduction, alkali-labile phosphate assay, indicating the potential oxidative stress and endocrine disrupting effect of gemfibrozil. Diclofenac significantly induced LPO after 96 h indicating tissue damage. Additionally standard toxicity tests using the marine species Vibrio fischeri, Skeletonema costatum and Tisbe battagliai showed differences in sensitivity to both drugs in the mg/L range. Results indicate a suite of tests should be used to give accurate information for regulation.     

Integrated biomarker assessment of the effects exerted by treated produced water from an onshore natural gas processing plant in the North Sea on the mussel Mytilus edulis

The biological impact of a treated produced water (PW) was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mussel health status was assessed using an integrated biomarker approach in combination with chemical analysis of both water (with SPMDs), and mussel tissues. Acyl-CoA oxidase activity, neutral lipid accumulation, catalase activity, micronuclei formation, lysosomal membrane stability in digestive cells and haemocytes, cell-type composition in digestive gland epithelium, and the integrity of the digestive gland tissue were measured after 5 week exposure to 0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% PW. The suite of biomarkers employed were sensitive to treated PW exposure with significant sublethal responses found at 0.01-0.5% PW, even though individual chemical compounds of PW were at extremely low concentrations in both water and mussel tissues. The study highlights the benefits of an integrated biomarker approach for determining the potential effects of exposure to complex mixtures at low concentrations. Biomarkers were integrated in the Integrative Biological Response (IBR/n) index.     

Large-scale oil-in-ice experiment in the Barents Sea: monitoring of oil in water and MetOcean interactions

A large-scale field experiment took place in the marginal ice zone in the Barents Sea in May 2009. Fresh oil (7000 L) was released uncontained between the ice floes to study oil weathering and spreading in ice and surface water. A detailed monitoring of oil-in-water and ice interactions was performed throughout the six-day experiment. In addition, meteorological and oceanographic data were recorded for monitoring of the wind speed and direction, air temperature, currents and ice floe movements. The monitoring showed low concentrations of dissolved hydrocarbons and the predicted acute toxicity indicated that the acute toxicity was low. The ice field drifted nearly 80 km during the experimental period, and although the oil drifted with the ice, it remained contained between the ice floes.     

定量研究粉砂质沉积物在地震过程中导致斜坡破坏的作用：阿尔及利亚边缘的例子

阿尔及利亚边缘是一个地震活动很活跃的地区,上个世纪以来,发生了多个高震级的地震。本研究用数值模拟的方法把岩土工程技术和沉积学的数据结合起来,量化评价当今阿尔及利亚边缘的斜坡稳定性问题。动三轴液化试验、固结试验和十字板剪切试验等土力学试验,被运用在研究区收集来的沉积岩芯上。结果显示,对于2003年5月21日Mw=6．8级的布米尔达斯地震,理论评估在距离震中30km开外的沉积柱仍具有发生液化的潜能。正如对钻孔岩芯中沉积物的描述那样,我们指出薄层的粉砂质岩层是导致沉积岩在地震中变形和发生液化的主要原因。数值计算表明,斜坡破坏可能发生在地震的峰值地面加速度（PGA）超过0．1g时,并且当地震的峰值地面加速度低于0．2g时,浅层的粉砂质沉积物可能会引发砂土液化。另外,把预测的斜坡破坏和海底地形图观测出的破坏迹象作比较可以得出,地震和随后的大量位移能够解释如今这个区域的地形形成过程。     

Biological neutralization of chlor-alkali industry wastewater

The present work reports biological neutralization of chlor-alkali industrial effluent by an alkaliphilic bacterium, isolated from the Gujarat coast, which was identified as Enterococcus faecium strain R-5 on the basis of morphological, biochemical and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolate was capable of bringing down the pH of waste water from 12.0 to 7.0 within 3 h in the presence of carbon and nitrogen sources, with simultaneous reduction in total dissolved solutes (TDS) up to 19-22%. This bacterium produced carboxylic acid, as revealed by FT-IR analysis, which facilitated neutralization of alkaline effluent. The presence of unconventional raw materials viz. Madhuca indica flowers or sugar cane bagasse as carbon and nitrogen sources could effectively neutralize alkaline effluent and thus making the bioremediation process economically viable. The time required for neutralization varied with size of inoculum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on biological neutralization of a chlor-alkali industrial effluent.