A Research Synthesis and Theoretical Model of Relationships Between Factors Influencing Outdoor Domestic Water Consumption

Outdoor domestic water use is often targeted by demand management strategies. However, despite a rich empirical evidence base coming from primary studies, it is still unclear how factors that influence this type of demand interact and which are the most suitable to be addressed by water conservation programs. Based on 423 scientific contributions, we develop a research synthesis combining a variety of techniques to create a theoretical model of the relationships among factors most consistently observed in the literature. The findings uncover a great degree of complexity in terms of interactions between spatial-structural, social-structural, and cultural and psychological factors at different scales. For researchers, the methodology and the outcomes can be useful to better frame existing and future research within the literature on the topic. In practice, the adaptation of the theoretical model to local specificities can facilitate the design of more efficient and integrated demand management strategies.     

美国海洋经济现状特征与区域海洋经济差异分析

美国是世界上海洋大国,也是世界上的海洋经济大国。美国在20世纪70年代提出了"海洋GDP"概念。论文采用了2014年由NOEP数据库中的ENOW来源数据(2005年~20l2年),分析了美国海洋经济发展的现状特点、发展规模、经济贡献、海洋产业结构以及海洋三次产业构成。美国海洋经济GDP(增加值)从2005年的2356.0亿美元增长到2012年的3068.98亿美元,年均增长率3.85%。论文应用了变差系数、集中化指数(基尼系数)、锡尔系数等定量方法,对美国海洋经济的现状特征与区域海洋经济的差异进行了分析。在美国沿海8个地区中,墨西哥湾地区、西部沿海地区、沿大西洋中部地区是最主要的海洋产业聚集区。文中把8个海洋经济地区,根据地理分区的理论划分为东部、南部、西部三大海洋经济区。     

Über interne Wellen,besonders solche mit Gezeitencharakter

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Überblick über unsere derzeitigen Kenntnisse der internen Wellen im Ozean gegeben, wobei besonders jene mit Gezeitencharakter berücksichtigt werden. Die theoretischen Erörterungen sind möglichst kurz gehalten. Die Koppelung mit den Trägheitsschwingungen ausgedehnter Meeresgebiete erfährt eine eingehende Würdigung. Zum Schluß werden auch die Stabilitätsbedingungen interner Gezeitenwellen erörtert.

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On internal waves, especially on those of tidal periods

Summary This is an outline of our present knowledge of internal waves in the ocean with special reference to internal waves of tidal periods. The theoretical aspect is dealt with as briefly as possible. The coupling with the phenomenon of osciallations of inertia in large ocean areas is discussed in detail. Finally, the stability conditions of internal tide waves are treated.

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Sur des vagues internes, surtout sur celles ayant des périodes de marée

Résumé Voilà un aperçu de notre connaissance d'aujourd'hui des vagues internes dans l'océan, surtout de celles qui ont des périodes de marée. L'aspect théorique est brièvement traité. Le rapport avec les oscillations d'inertie en larges régions océaniques est précisé. Enfin, les conditions de stabilité des vagues internes de marée sont exposées.

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Vortrag, gehalten im geophysikalischen Kolloquium der Universität Hamburg am 10. Dezember 1952.     

Theoretische Überlegungen zum Phänomen des Windstaus und des Auftriebes an ozeanischen Küsten

Zusammenfassung Die Bearbeitung von dynamischen Schnitten quer zu ozeanischen Küsten mit Windstau und Auftriebsphänomenen, insbesondere jener Schnitte, die das große Beobachtungsmaterial des Marine Life Research Program der Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla (California) geliefert hat, hat den inneren Mechanismus des Vorganges bei Windstau oder Auftrieb an ozeanischen Küsten klargelegt, so daß es nun möglich ist, die Zusammenhänge in einfachen schematischen Modellen theoretisch zu erfassen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird das Modell eines freien Ozeans mit anschließendem Schelfmeer unter vereinfachenden Annahmen vollständig durchgerechnet. Der Vergleich eines zahlenmäßigen Beispiels mit den Verhältnissen vor der kalifornischen Küste ergibt eine gute Übereinstimmung. Dies läßt annehmen, daß im theoretischen Modell alle das Phänomen mitbestimmenden Faktoren richtig erfaßt worden sind.

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Theoretical considerations on the phenomenon of wind effect (Windstau) and upwelling on oceanic coasts

Summary The elaboration of dynamic sections located at right angles to oceanic coasts with banking effects as well as upwelling phenomena, above all the working up of those profiles based on the comprehensive observation material obtained under the Marine Life Research Program by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of La Jolla (California) has recently enabled the internal mechanism of the processes of the piling up or upwelling of water on oceanic coasts to be revealed; thus it is now possible to theoretically conceive the correlations with the aid of simple schematic patterns. In the present paper the model of an open ocean with an adjacent shelf sea is completely computed under certain simplifying assumptions. A numerical example is compared with the conditions existing off the coast of California and the correspondence is found to be good. This allows of the assumption that in the theoretical model all factors exerting an essential influence on the phenomenon under discussion have been properly taken into account.

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Considérations théoriques des phénomènes de montée et de baisse de niveau sur les littoraux

Résumé En se servant des coupes dynamiques orientéesperpendiculairement à la direction générale des littoraux soumis aux phénomènes de montée et de baisse de niveau sous la pression du vent de mer et celle du vent de terre, et surtout en élaborant les nombreuses observations faites sous le Marine Life Research Program de la Scripps Institution of Oceanography à La Jolla (Californie) on est récemment arrivé à éclaircir le mécanisme interne de la montée et de la baisse de niveau sur les littoraux. Il est donc possible de saisir d'une manière théorique les corrélations à l'aide de simples modèles schématiques. On a introduit des suppositions simplifiantes dans le travail suivant et on a complètement calculé le modèle d'un océan ouvert se reliant à une zone adjacente de la marge continentale. L'exemple numérique donné est en bon accord avec les conditions devant la côte de la Californie. On peut donc supposer que tous les éléments qui influencent essentiellement ce phénomène ont été proprement introduits dans le modèle théorique.

     

基于大学生认知地图的长江中游城市群空间范围认知

国务院《长江中游城市群规划》的颁布虽然结束了一直以来的“中三角”和“中四角”的争论,但与公众对其空间范围的认知仍然存在一定的差异。通过问卷获取武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生对长江中游城市群空间范围的认知地图,并绘制认知范围集成图、密度图和认知比例图等分析其认知特性;通过构建面积偏差系数和中心偏差系数度量了认知地图与规划地图的差异,探究个体社会属性对认知差异的影响。研究发现：① 三市大学生的认知地图呈“武汉+”的特色,长沙市有“南向偏移”的趋势、南昌市“东南向偏移”趋势明显;② 三市大学生的空间认知范围与《长江中游城市群规划》的范围存在差异,其中南昌市大学生差异最大,长沙次之,武汉最小;③ 个体社会属性与认知差异存在关联,其中性别、居住地、专业和居住时间变量为显著影响因子。公众空间认知的差异及其影响因素在一定程度上会影响到城市群发展的政策偏好,研究结论可为未来城市群的构建和城市政策的制定提供新的参考。     

制造业重构背景下的中国经济地理研究转向

改革开放诱发了以市场化、全球化和分权化为特征的首轮制造业重构,劳动密集型制造业快速发展,尤其在中国沿海地区形成大量外向型产业集聚,并由此构成“旧”经济地理格局。进入21世纪,“旧”经济地理格局的弊端凸显,加上外部变化的冲击,催动了以“向上走”、“向西走”和“走出去”为主的第二轮产业重构,全球化、区域化和地方化的共同作用形成了“新”经济地理格局。制造业地理格局的剧变使得中国经济地理相关研究亦发生巨大转向,重心逐渐从关注市场化、全球化和分权化过渡到产业升级、转移和去地方化等要点。中国相关研究不仅验证西方经典理论,同时对改进西方理论亦有重大贡献,尤其在对制度政策、国内市场、中国企业的能动性在产业重构中的作用等方面极大弥补了经典经济地理学的缺陷。本文最后还就经典理论的整合和研究方法的普适性对相关研究进行了展望。     

The Beach Crowding Index: A Tool for Assessing Social Carrying Capacity of Vulnerable Beaches

The aim of this article is to introduce the Beach Crowding Index (BCI), a procedure to assess the social carrying capacity of vulnerable beaches. The study uses the people at one time (PAOT) approach and data gathered weekly throughout the bathing season regarding the number of beachgoers in 100 m² cells of the beach to assess how many beachgoers it can comfortably hold. The procedure is based on fieldwork, interviews with beachgoers, and geographic information system (GIS) analysis and has been tested on four beaches in protected areas on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. On a scale from 0 to 4, minimum scores throughout the bathing season are 0.7 and maximum 3.7, although results showed wide variation between the beaches, the section of the beach, and the time of day. This study suggests that determining the location of beachgoers and collecting a long-term series of data is fundamental to assessing social carrying capacity and that the BCI procedure can be used for a large number of applications.     

Conserving Biodiversity in Farm Animals: Do Farmer and Public Biodiversity Knowledge and Awareness Matter?

Increases in biodiversity losses are a growing concern globally. In farm animals, related concerns about losses in genetic diversity have potentially increased with the emergence of breeding technologies that allow for faster genetic change in herds. Farmer and public acceptance of specific breeding practices can be influenced by a number of factors, including concerns about biodiversity and knowledge of biodiversity. The link between these factors and acceptance of new genetic technologies, if it exists, may help explain concerns about genetic technologies. This article examines the effect of attitudes and knowledge about biodiversity on the acceptance of genomic selection in livestock production using farmer and public survey data from Canada. Our results suggest that the link between biodiversity concerns and the acceptance of genomic selection is more robust for the public than for farmers. We also find that biodiversity knowledge and attitudes have opposite effects on acceptance of genomic selection.     

Statistics-based Optimization of the Polarimetric Radar Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm and Its Application for a Squall Line in South China

A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm(HCA) is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification,and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained,and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results—especially in the mixed rain–hail region—can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radardetected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.     

相邻雷达回波差异检测方法研究与应用

文章介绍相邻雷达在重叠区回波差异的检测方法,造成邻近两部雷达在重叠区回波差异的原因分为外界因素和内在因素。排除遮挡、地物/超折射杂波及大气衰减等外界因素,根据雨滴直径与下落末速度的关系,对相邻两部雷达基数据进行时间、空间一致性匹配,比较邻近两部雷达在重叠区域中相同时间、相同采样空间上的回波观测值,若仍然存在明显差异,则是由雷达自身一些因素造成的。文章采用了郑州雷达一次频率源故障过程和广东一次飑线过程中的数据作为个例,分析表明该方法能有效检测出相邻两部雷达在重叠区的观测值差异,在全国新一代天气雷达网实时运行监控业务中具有较高的应用价值,当检测出某一部雷达与邻近几部雷达存在明显的观测差异时,可通过报警方式将信息传送至雷达机务人员,以便及时查找和解决雷达的故障问题。