High-pressure phase transformations of fluorite-type dioxides

Phase transformations in six fluorite-type dioxides (“TbO₂”, PbO₂, “PrO₂”, CeO₂, UO₂ and ThO₂ in the order of increasing cation size, where the quotation marks indicate non-stoichiometric materials) have been investigated in the diamond-anvil press coupled with laser heating. Together with earlier work, the results show that the post-fluorite phase transformations of these dioxides fall into two groups. The smaller cation group (HfO₂, ZrO₂ and “TbO₂”) transforms to a cotunnite or a distorted cotunnite-type structure at pressures in the vicinity of 100 kbar and at about 1000°C. The larger cation group (from PbO₂ to ThO₂) is believed to transform to a different type of orthorhombic modification at high pressures. It is plausible that this high-pressure phase may possess a Ni₂Si-related structure, as was observed in ThO₂ and “PrO₂” at pressures greater than 150 and 200 kbar, respectively. The dioxides with Ni₂Si-related structure are the most closely packed dioxides known to exist. It is suggested that all the polymorphic structures of ZrO₂ (baddeleyite, tetragonal fluorite, cubic fluorite and cotunnite) plus the new phase found in the large cation group dioxides are possible high-pressure models for the post-rutile and/or post-Fe₂N phases of SiO₂. The polyhedral coordination in these model structures varies from 7 to 10, compared with 6 for the rutile-and Fe₂N-type SiO₂. The fact that the larger cation group adopts a very closely packed structure at high pressures substantiates the earlier hypothesis that the radioactive elements U and Th in the earth's deep mantle are most likely to occur as dioxide rather than as silicate.     

A new framework for evaluating along-wind responses of a transmission tower

In this paper, an analytical framework to evaluate the along-wind-induced dynamic responses of a transmission tower is presented. Two analytical models and a new method are developed: (1) a higher mode generalized force spectrum (GFS) model of the transmission tower is deduced; (2) an analytical model that includes the contributions of the higher modes is further derived as a rational algebraic formula to estimate the structural displacement response; and (3) a new approach, applying load with displacement (ALD) instead of force, to solve the internal force of transmission tower is given. Unlike conventional methods, the ALD method can avoid calculating equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs). Finally, a transmission tower structure is used as a numerical example to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the ALD method.     

Review on study of seismotectonics in China

This paper reviews briefly the progresses made during the last four years (1999～2002) in study of seismotectonics in China, especially appraises the achievements in the fields of the crustal and upper mantle‘s structure, the active faults and tectonic setting of large earthquakes, the crustal deformation, and the numerical simulation. Most earth-quakes occurred in China belong to continental earthquakes. Therefore, Chinese seismologists pay more attention to the continental earthquakes. Based on improvements of the observation systems in China during the ninth Five-Year Plan, the studies on seismotectonics have achieved great progresses.     

新疆翠榴石的矿物成因研究

翠榴石(Demantoid)是一种稀少的贵重宝石矿物。本文的新疆含铬翠榴石在我国属首次发现。通过化学成分、X射线粉晶衍射、穆斯堡尔谱、红外及可见吸收光谱等测定确认,新疆翠榴石所含钙铁榴石端员分子均在90%以上,接近于纯端员组成,Fe~(2+)含量低于穆斯堡尔谱最低检出界限。在这里,绿色与占据八面体位置的Fe~(3+)直接相关,而微量Cr~(3+)的存在则使其翠绿色色调大大加强。结合翠榴石产出地质条件及矿物共生组合分析可以认为,在超镁铁质岩体中残存的挥发分作用下出现了橄榄石、辉石被蛇纹石交代的现象,形成贫铝富铁的结晶环境。后期侵入的岩浆热液沿蛇纹岩裂隙交代促使石棉脉中翠榴石的结晶沉淀,而局部范围内的挤压错动则造成了由蛇纹石石棉“胶结”的翠榴石“团块”,翠榴石中含的微量铬来源于超镁铁质岩中的铬铁矿和铬尖晶石。     

水资源可持续性的参数敏感性分析

通过界定敏感性参数的含义,认为参数的敏感性是系统对某一指参数的变化的敏感程度,以此为依据建立M-YAS模型分析参数的敏感性。以佛山市为例选取37 项影响水资源可持续的参数,分析水资源可持续性的参数敏感性问题,结果表明：37项反映水资源可持续性的参数中,仅13 项参数（生活用水定额、林牧渔畜用水量、工业用水定额、农田灌溉用水量、工业用水量、耕地灌溉定额、万元工业增加值用水量、火电冷却用水量、城乡生活用水量、工业节水、万元生产总值用水量、生活节水和农业节水）对于水资源可持续性的目标层而言是敏感性参数,且13项参数均来自用水结构与效率的准则层,说明区域水资源可持续性的目标层对用水结构与效率的准则层较为敏感。     

Effect of rain enrichment on soil respiration of Nitraria sphaerocarpa community in a hyperarid area

In order to analyze the effect of rain enrichment on soil respiration rate of a Nitraria sphaerocarpa community, we measured soil respiration rate in bare and vegetated areas in a hyperarid area （Dunhuang） during the growing season. Results show that rain enrichment can increase bare and vegetated soil respiration rates. The more rainfall enrichment, the greater the increment and the longer duration time effect for soil respiration rate. 200% （16 mm） and 300% （24 mm） of rain enrichment can significantly increase bare soil respiration rates by 90% and 106% （P〈0.01）, respectively. By contrast, areas with 100% （8 mm）, 200% （16 mm） and 300% （24 mm） of rain enrichment can significantly increase shrub area respiration rates by 68%, 157% and 205% （P〈0.01）, respectively. The response time of bare and vegetated soil respiration to rainfall enrichment is asynchronous. Response variable of soil respiration in vegetated soil is higher （118%） than in bare soil. There was significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and soil water content during the growing season （P〈0.01）. For every 1 mm increment of precipitation, soil respiration rate increased by 0.01 and 0.04 pmol/（m2.s）, respectively in vegetated and bare soils.     

30 m global impervious surface area dynamics and urban expansion pattern observed by Landsat satellites: From 1972 to 2019

Using more than three million Landsat satellite images, this research developed the first global impervious surface area (GISA) dataset from 1972 to 2019. Based on 120,777 independent and random reference sites from 270 cities all over the world, the omission error, commission error, and F-score of GISA are 5.16%, 0.82%, and 0.954, respectively. Compared to the existing global datasets, the merits of GISA include: (1) It provided the global ISA maps before the year of 1985, and showed the longest time span (1972–2019) and the highest accuracy (in terms of a large number of randomly selected and third-party validation sample sets); (2) it presented a new global ISA mapping method including a semi-automatic global sample collection, a locally adaptive classification strategy, and a spatio-temporal post-processing procedure; and (3) it extracted ISA from the whole global land area (not from an urban mask) and hence reduced the underestimation. Moreover, on the basis of GISA, the long time series global urban expansion pattern (GUEP) has been calculated for the first time, and the pattern of continents and representative countries were analyzed. The two new datasets (GISA and GUEP) produced in this study can contribute to further understanding on the human’s utilization and reformation to nature during the past half century, and can be freely download from http://irsip.whu.edu.cn/resources/dataweb.php.

     

海水中一氧化氮的极谱法测定

本文首次采用 Nafion和 Co(salen) /Nafion修饰铂电极测定海水中的 NO,对实验条件进行了选择 ,确定了最佳实验条件 ,即反应池通氮除氧 30 min,富集时间为 4min。同时用线性扫描法对海水中的 NO进行测定 ,测得海水中 NO的浓度与氧化峰电流之间有一定线性关系。对 Nafion修饰电极而言 ,线性范围 1～ 76.9μmol/L,R2 =0 .991 6,检出限为 1 μmol/L。同时对 2种方法修饰的铂电极进行了比较 ,即当 NO浓度在 1 0 -6mol/L数量级时 2种电极基本上无差别 ,而在 1 0 -7mol/L数量级时 Co(salen) /Nafion修饰电极要明显优于 Nafion修饰电极     

四川米仓山地区扬子地台结晶基底的时代归属

主要叙述了米仓山地区太古代地体的构造岩石单元的划分，各单元的岩石组合特征，岩石化学成分，原岩恢复，变质作用，变质相以及主要单元的同位素年龄，证明后河群属太古代地体．