湖泊沉积物研究和利用的新见解

近几年来,苏联坚持不懈地和定向地实行自然资源合理利用和环境保护的措施。特别是湖泊天然资源的利用问题更为迫切,因为它对于发展渔业、提供动力和水源,灌溉农田以及寻找沉积矿床等具有重要的国民经济意义。在解决许多实际问题时,应用古植物学方法进行古地理研究具有重要的作用。     

APPLICATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION TO SPECIATION DATA OF HEAVY METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES OF URBAN AIR

In order to get a better knowledge of the air pollution levels of the urban air of Barcelona,twelvesamples from three stations of the air-monitoring control network were analysed.Each control station isrepresentative of a different environmental situation.Thus the station at Plaa Molina responds to asimple domestic and urban traffic situation;the station at Poble Nou to the influence of medium andsmall industries,mainly metallurgical;and the station at Montcada to a zone in which there existimportant industries,a cement factory,two highways and railroads.The total content of unsedimentable particles,three inorganic anions(chlorides,sulphates andnitrates)and six heavy metals(Fe,Pb,Cu,Mn,Cr and Cd)were determined on all the samples obtainedduring the same period of time.The use of an analytical scheme of sequential extraction has alsopermitted the subdivision of the total content of each metal into the following four fractions:(1)solubleor exchangeable;(2)associated with carbonates and/or with iron and manganese oxides;(3)bound toorganic matter;and(4)residual.The use of principal component analysis applied to the data as a whole showed the associations andcorrelations between the various parameters as well as between the different above mentioned fractions.The predominant presence of Cd in the‘soluble or exchangeable’fraction is confirmed,while the othermetals are mainly associated with the‘carbonates and/or Fe and Mn oxides’and‘bound to organicmatter’fractions.Hierarchical cluster analysis applied to the twelve samples showed clearly the presence of threedifferent classes closely related to the origin(station)of the samples.Thus it becomes feasible to proposefor each station a possible profile of the content in terms of the different parameters considered.     

地理系统定位站研究的原则和方法(二)

4.自然—人为地理系统中相互作用的研究和评价由于社会对地理学提出了新的要求,地理系统定位站研究的发展过程表现为,它主要地不是研究无甚变化的,标准的自然系统,而是日益广泛地将已发生重大变化,甚至是人为活动建立起来的地理系统纳入定位研究中。这一点十分重要,因为纳入定位研究的不仅是当代分布最为广泛的地理系统,同时也是与大多数人民生命有密切关系的地理系统。     

FINDING CAUSES OF OUTLIERS IN MULTIVARIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Multivariate outliers in environmental data sets are often caused by atypical measurement error in a singlevariable.From a quality assurance perspective it is important to identify these variables efficiently so thatcorrective actions may be performed.We demonstrate a procedure for using two multivariate tests toidentify which variable‘caused’each outlier.The procedure is tested with simulated data sets that havethe same correlation structure as selected water chemistry variables from a survey of lakes in the WesternUnited States.The success rates are evaluated for three of the variables for sample sizes of 50 and 100,significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 and various amounts of mean shift.The procedure works best forhighly correlated variables.     

EXAMINING LARGE DATABASES:A CHEMOMETRIC APPROACH USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases.The graphical approachto exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical compositiondata obtained on environmental dust particles.While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysishas certain advantages over the numerical procedures,the empirical approach described here should beviewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.     

窄线赛弗特Ⅰ星系Markarian478的远紫外成协吸收线(英文)

Markarian 478是典型的窄线赛弗特I星系之一。本文展示了在 2 0 0 1年 1月利用远紫外光谱探测卫星 (FUSE)观测到的Markarian 478的远紫外光谱。我们的光谱覆盖了 91 5Å ;— 1 1 85Å的波长范围 ,分辨率约为 2 0km/s。我们在连续谱上探测到OⅥλλ1 0 3 2 ,1 0 3 8、NⅢλ989和CⅢλ977强发射线。在高电离双线OⅥ以及Lyβ的蓝端线翼上出现了成协吸收线 ,而在NⅢ和CⅢ发射线上没有出现内禀吸收线。这些吸收线被分解成 5个动力学成分 ,它们相对于系统红移zem=0 .0 774的静止坐标系速度覆盖了从 -2 3 0 0～ 3 70km/s的范围     

中亚土地资源的农业利用

目前摆在中亚各共和国面前的重大任务是增加所有农业产品的生产,解决这一问题在很多方面取决于土地资源的合理利用。中亚地区分为平原和山地。农业生产在这些地区实质上是有区别的。构成平原生产的基     

激发极化的数字模拟

前言在直流电法勘探中,已经把几种数字方法用于模拟任意电阻率的分布。由于计算机的高速发展,这些方法在近十年来已变成是切实可行的了。两种最常用的方法是有限单元(FE)法和有限差分(FD)法。     

今后15年技术进步的前景

最近15年内技术进步的前景如何?请看美中布斯—艾伦—哈密尔整公司和日本经费新闻社就这个问题向美国102家公司、日本95家公司、西欧79家公司和日本以外的27家亚洲公司的管理人员征询意见的结果。这些管理人员的看法颇有代表性。 关于最近15年工业各领域技术进步的前景,这些实业界人士的观点远不是一致的。例如,日本和西欧工业公司的领导人认为,技术进步最快的将是生物工程领域,而专家们却认