辉石巨晶中的硫化物及其成因

我国一些地区玄武岩辉石巨晶中的硫化物球泡(0.02-0.05mm)呈点阵式、散布式、定向带状或微裂隙羽状分布。硫化矿物组合是磁黄铁矿-镍黄铁矿-黄铜矿,其中以磁黄铁矿为主(～90％)。根据硫化物的规则排布以及高温矿物组合推测点阵式、散布式硫化物形成于地幔。是由溶解了～1％S的硅酸盐熔体在减压上升过程中析出过饱和的硫所致。     

用地面激光雷达探测气象要素的铅直分布

在对大气参数进行测量的遥感方法中,使用了声波或电磁波与大气中的分子和粒子的相互作用的原理。遥感测量法与常规方法相比有若干优点,特别是在自动操作方面。通过对视野的扫描能够得到一个大范围的图。可以由高时间分辨率连续获取真实的垂直廓线,而不用移动感应元件,且几乎消除了感应元件对大气的影响。自动无人操作,即低成本的操作补偿了投资的不足。在本文中,我们将叙述激光雷达(LIDAD)对于探测大气的使用。激光雷达是雷达的光学对应物。1960年激光发明以后,激光雷达技术得到迅速发展。光辐射与大气中的分子和气溶胶粒子的相互     

有关森林天然火灾的低层风和温度廓线

1.引言对负责森林火险天气预报人员来说,查看一下简单的气象图表,并确定气象条件是否有利于星星之火发展到不可控制的大火那将是非常必要的。由于近地面天气状况是受制于高层天气过程的,而火灾又是一种三度空间现象,与大气的铅直剖面关系密切。风和温度随高度变化影响大气对流的强弱,也影响林火的发生和发展。近年来,人们一直在探讨这些因素对森林天然火灾的影响。 1954年,拜厄姆(Byram)提出了在“点燃”林火的上空是某些特殊的风廓线。其要点之一是在火场的上空,风力由近地面的最大值一直到大约2400米附近的高度,而后随高度递减。他认为这样有利于火场上空对流柱的发展,由此能增强在地面火势的强度。     

英国气象局新的业务预报系统

一、前言象天气预报这样一种显然并非精确的行业竟能首先使用计算机,确是令人难以置信。早在第一次世界大战期间,曾在英国气象局工作过若干年的英国著名数学家L.F.Richardson就提出了计算机用于天气预报的原理,并于1922年发表文章公诸于世。 Richardson的基本贡献在于他把天气预报作为经典物理学问题之一处理,指出了如何利用数值方法求解的方程。当时的常规天气预报方法是建立     

澳大利亚元古代主要层状贱金属矿床

前言澳大利亚的元古代的主要贱金属矿床(布罗肯希尔、芒特艾萨、麦克阿瑟河矿床)都是根据地表露头发现的。布罗肯希尔矿床是1883年发现的,其地表露头长大于一公里,宽3—40米的富锰铁帽,铁帽中的少量矿物有白铅矿,银的卤化物,磷氯铅矿和少量方铅矿,锌几乎全都淋失了。芒特艾萨矿床是1923年首次发现。含铅—银矿体的直接围岩为黄铁矿化页岩。在地表氧化后成为厚达3米的碧玉或硅化页岩角砾岩,从氧化带开采出的主要矿物为白铅矿和磷氯铅矿,氧化带厚约60米。1947年又在芒特艾萨北20公里的希尔顿区根据出露的铁     

钠辉石的出溶机理

对于具有限混溶或原子有序分布的简单二元固溶体来说,已结合其自由能曲线来预测一种体系的相关系和出溶机理。有序过程的特征影响着出溶机理的适用性.如果有序化作用是二步(较高)有序时,则整个过程以连续机理占优势,而所描述的一种“条件旋节分解”(“Conditional spinodal”)(Allen 和 Cahni 1976)只有对序与无序端员组分之间起着决定作用.对于一步有序来说,有序相仅能经成核与生长来沉淀无序相.用透射电子显微镜所观察到的绿辉石徼细结构包括出溶页片和反相晶畴,并且在所选择的样品中它们之间的关系已用于解释地质条件下起控制作用的出溶机理。绝大多数绿辉石几乎都经历了阳离子的有序过程,然后保持均一体,或通过旋节分解作用出溶一种无序辉石。连续出溶机理占优势已用来说明 C2/c→P2/n 转换可以是二步(较高)有序的.现已提供了一种硬玉——普通辉石的可能相图,它是以这种理论为基础的,即在低温下无序端员组分之间应该是有限混溶的,而中间成分(绿辉石)的阳离子是有序的,两者迭加在一条溶相线上。这就完全解释了观察到的许多微细结构,并与在含杂质硬玉和绿辉石之间、绿辉石和钠辉石之间存在宽阔二相区的岩相学证据相符合。加入锥辉石所产生的影响类似于增温效应,所以,也就能够预测硬玉——锥辉石——普通辉石的相关系。     

地中海盐沉积的成因——兼论邻近地区晚第三纪盐沉积

地中海海底盐沉积,不可能是整个海盆多次干化的结果,特别是沉积当时,盆地底部的地形条件如果类似现代地中海,干化成盐更属子虚之词。相反,大西洋的盐-水补给,使其含盐量不断提高,最终导致盐矿物的沉淀——这种假说看来不仅合理,也为当时地质上的时空特点所印证。一次异常的突发的成盐高潮,绝不能形成地中海地区众多的盐矿床。它们的形成,也许要和当时的地质环境联系起来;晚第三纪时,地中海周围广大地区遍布着陆缘海和内盆地(众所周知,这儿是大小型盐类矿床的潜在产地)。盐矿沉积,是和这些盆地沉积环境的普遍特点相适应的。     

Modeling of two-phase flow in membranes and porous media in microgravity as applied to plant irrigation in space

In traditional applications in soil physics it is convention to scale porous media properties, such as hydraulic conductivity, soil water diffusivity, and capillary head, with the gravitational acceleration. In addition, the Richards equation for water flux in partially saturated porous media also contains a gravity term. With the plans to develop plant habitats in space, such as in the International Space Station, it becomes necessary to evaluate these properties and this equation under conditions of microgravitational acceleration. This article develops models for microgravity steady state two-phase flow, as found in irrigation systems, that addresses critical design issues. Conventional dimensionless groups in two-phase mathematical models are scaled with gravity, which must be assigned a value of zero for microgravity modeling. The use of these conventional solutions in microgravity, therefore, is not possible. This article therefore introduces new dimensionless groups for two-phase models. The microgravity models introduced here determined that in addition to porous media properties, important design factors for microgravity systems include applied water potential and the ratio of inner to outer radii for cylindrical and spherical porous media systems.     

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.     

Sources of salinity in ground water from Jericho area, Jordan Valley

One of the major problems in the lower Jordan Valley is the increasing salinization (i.e., chloride content) of local ground water. The high levels of salinity limit the utilization of ground water for both domestic and agriculture applications. This joint collaborative study evaluates the sources and mechanisms for salinization in the Jericho area. We employ diagnostic geochemical fingerprinting methods to trace the potential sources of the salinity in (1) the deep confined subaquifer system (K2) of Lower Cenomanian age; (2) the upper subaquifer system (K1) of Upper Cenomanian and Turonian ages; and (3) the shallow aquifer system (Q) of Plio-Pleistocene ages. The chemical composition of the saline ground water from the two Cenomanian subaquifers (K1 and K2) point to a single saline source with Na/Cl approximately 0.5 and Br/Cl approximately 7 x 10(-3). This composition is similar to that of thermal hypersaline spring that are found along the western shore of the Dead Sea (e.g., En Gedi thermal spring). We suggest that the increasing salinity in both K1 and K2 subaquifers is derived from mixing with deep-seated brines that flow through the Rift fault system. The salinization rate depends on the discharge volume of the fresh meteoric water in the Cenomanian Aquifer. In contrast, the chemical composition of ground water from the Plio-Pleistocene Aquifer shows a wide range of Cl- (100-2000 mg/L), Na/Cl (0.4-1.0), Br/Cl (2-6 x 10(-3)), and SO4/Cl (0.01-0.4) ratios. These variations, together with the high SO4(2-), K+, and NO3- concentrations, suggest that the salinity in the shallow aquifer is derived from the combination of (1) upconing of deep brines as reflected by low Na/Cl and high Br/Cl ratios; (2) leaching of salts from the Lisan Formation within the Plio-Pleistocene Aquifer, as suggested by the high SO4(2-) concentrations; and (3) anthropogenic contamination of agriculture return flow and sewage effluents with distinctive high K+ (80 mg/L) and NO3- (80 mg/l) contents and low Br/Cl ratios (2 x 10(-3)). Our data demonstrates that the chemical composition of salinized ground water can be used to delineate the sources of salinity and hence to establish the conceptual model for explaining salinization processes.