中国的环境脆弱形势和危急区域

源于人类影响的环境退化对人类生存及充分合理地利用自然条件和自然资源是极为不利的。以俄方提供的方法为基础,作者编制了1:1000万中国生态环境脆弱形势和危急区图。据此,本文叙述中国环境脆弱的现状,并综述编制生态脆弱形势和区域图的国际进展,对此项研究中的若干问题作了讨论。     

再论青藏高原范围

伴随青藏高原研究的深入,高原内外多学科研究程度和认识的提高,及地理大数据、地球观测科学和技术的进步,对青藏高原范围提出了新的要求.本研究系统论述了确定青藏高原范围的原则、依据和方法,分析探讨了高原地貌宏观结构(高原面、高原内低盆地与高原边缘河谷低地等)和周围边界各自然地段构成的基本特征.采用ArcMap软件,通过遥感影...     

青藏铁路沿线雪灾风险评估

雪灾是青藏铁路及其沿线地区所面临的严重自然灾害之一,对其风险等级进行科学评估,是制定应急方案、确保青藏铁路安全运行的重要基础。本文基于历史雪灾数据和铁路相关数据,选择27项指标构建青藏铁路及其沿线的雪灾综合风险评估体系,对青藏铁路沿线积雪雪灾、雪崩雪灾和风吹雪雪灾的致灾危险性、铁路系统的脆弱性进行了综合分析。分析表明:青藏铁路沿线雪灾高风险区分布在唐古拉-安多路段,雪灾中等风险区主要分布在天峻-乌兰、五道梁-安多等2个路段,雪灾低风险区主要集中在西宁-天峻、德令哈-格尔木和那曲-拉萨等3个路段。从整个青藏铁路沿线来看,青南高原路段是青藏铁路沿线雪灾综合风险等级最高的区域。     

青藏高原统计数据分析--以人口为例

在自然地理单元与行政单元交叉情况下,如何根据行政单元统计数据获得该自然地理单元的精确数据是当前研究的难点和重点之一。以青藏高原为自然地理单元和人口数据为例,选用并设计了数据统计的运算方法(实际数值模型、边缘等密度法推算模型、最小值模型、最大值模型和估测值模型等5个线性统计模型)及试验应用。主要研究结论为：(1)在青藏高原中国境内分布于6个省区的221个县(市),其中155个县(市)位于高原内部,其余66个县市位于高原边缘地区,文中给出了边缘县在高原内外的面积比;(2) 边缘等密度法的计算结果更接近实际, 而估测值模型与边缘等密度法计算结果相差最小;截止2001年,青藏高原人口约1204万人; (3)结合居民点的实际空间数据进行叠加分析或结合多源数据融合技术,将进一步提高测算的精确度。     

面向对象的长江源区当曲流域高寒湿地信息提取(英文)

长江南源当曲流域是我国高寒沼泽湿地的集中分布地区之一,是青藏高原腹地重要的水源涵养地。对该地区湿地资源及分布的正确把握直接关系到当地牧民的生产生活及下游地区的经济社会发展。由于湿地光谱特征复杂,易于其他地类混淆,传统的遥感信息提取方法很难保证湿地信息提取的精度。本文运用面向对象的图像信息自动分类方法,对当曲流域内的湿地信息进行提取。在对各类型湿地的光谱特征、纹理特征及空间特征进行分析的基础上,充分结合DEM及其衍生数据(坡度、坡向), 归一化植被指数 (NDVI), 归一化水体指数 (NDWI) 及缨帽变换(Kauth-Thomas transformation)得到的湿度图层等参数,设置各参数阈值,建立各湿地类型的信息提取知识规则,并结合野外实地调查对信息提取精度进行验证。经检验,湿地信息提取的总体精度达到89.00%。     

基于随机森林与特征选择的藏东南土地覆被分类方法及精度评价

由于云污染、实地验证点的匮乏,以及地形地貌的复杂、破碎化,多云山区土地覆被的准确分类较难实现。以藏东南这一典型的多云山区及生态过渡区为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台和野外实测数据,结合多光谱数据、雷达数据、高程数据、辅助数据,提取光谱特征、纹理特征、地形特征等信息,利用递归特征消除法对特征进行优化,并采用随机森林算法构建分类模型,以期有效利用多源遥感数据提高土地覆被分类精度。结果表明：(1)并非特征越多分类精度越高,特征选择后数量由58个减至38个,分类精度（总体精度93.96%,Kappa系数0.92）较未优化前（总体精度93.11%,Kappa系数0.92）略有提升。(2)地形特征及雷达特征对藏东南土地覆被分类具有重要作用,地形特征对多数土地覆被类型的分类精度具有影响,而雷达数据对裸地、建设用地、灌丛影响较大,分类过程中如不考虑地形及雷达特征,总体精度分别降至88.98%,92.48%。纹理特征以及时序特征仅对提高具有明显纹理以及时序变化的土地覆被类型的精度有帮助。结合随机森林和特征优化算法,能够在保证土地覆被分类精度的同时,高效整合多源数据信息,...     

关于开展中国综合区划研究若干问题的认识

过去半个多世纪,我国的自然与社会经济格局发生了重大变化,单纯对自然或某一部门进行的区域刻画已经不能适应新形势下经济社会可持续发展的需要。因此,亟待开展中国综合区划研究工作。编制中国综合区划方案所要解决的重要科学技术问题包括:服务对象与研究目标;综合区划理论体系;地域系统主要要素的变化过程、格局及其相互作用关系;中国地域系统重要界线的确定;典型区域的辨识及其特征分析;世界地理格局与中国综合地域系统相互作用;数据的采集、处理、量纲化;综合区划的集成方法;中国地域系统未来发展情景分析;综合区划方案的动态演示系统。     

Climate change on the southern slope of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest） Region in Nepal since 1971

Based on monthly mean, maximum, and minimum air temperature and monthly mean precipitation data from 10 meteorological stations on the southern slope of the Mt. Qomolangma region in Nepal between 1971 and 2009, the spatial and temporal characteristics of climatic change in this region were analyzed using climatic linear trend, Sen＇s Slope Estimates and Mann-Kendall Test analysis methods. This paper focuses only on the southern slope and attempts to compare the results with those from the northern slope to clarify the characteristics and trends of climatic change in the Mt. Qomolangma region. The results showed that： （1） between 1971 and 2009, the annual mean temperature in the study area was 20.0℃, the rising rate of annual mean temperature was 0.25℃/10a, and the temperature increases were highly influenced by the maximum temperature in this region. On the other hand, the temperature increases on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma region were highly influenced by the minimum temperature. In 1974 and 1992, the temperature rose noticeably in February and September in the southern region when the increment passed 0.9℃. （2） Precipitation had an asymmetric distribution; between 1971 and 2009, the annual precipitation was 1729.01 mm. In this region, precipitation showed an increasing trend of 4.27 mm/a, but this was not statistically significant. In addition, the increase in rainfall was mainly concentrated in the period from April to October, including the entire monsoon period （from June to September） when precipitation accounts for about 78.9% of the annual total. （3） The influence of altitude on climate warming was not clear in the southern region, whereas the trend of climate warming was obvious on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma. The annual mean precipitation in the southern region was much higher than that of the northern slope of the Mt. Qomolangma region. This shows the barrier effect of the Himalayas as a whole and Mt. Qomolangma in particular.     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异(英文)

Based on the GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data(8 km spatial resolution) for 1982–2000, the SPOT VEGETATION NDVI data(1 km spatial resolution) for 1998–2009, and observational plant biomass data, the CASA model was used to model changes in alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). This study will help to evaluate the health conditions of the alpine grassland ecosystem, and is of great importance to the promotion of sustainable development of plateau pasture and to the understanding of the function of the national ecological security shelter on the TP. The spatio-temporal characteristics of NPP change were investigated using spatial statistical analysis, separately on the basis of physico-geographical factors(natural zone, altitude, latitude and longitude), river basin, and county-level administrative area. Data processing was carried out using an ENVI 4.8 platform, while an ArcGIS 9.3 and ANUSPLIN platform was used to conduct the spatial analysis and mapping. The primary results are as follows:(1) The NPP of alpine grassland on the TP gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest, which corresponds to gradients in precipitation and temperature. From 1982 to 2009, the average annual total NPP in the TP alpine grassland was 177.2×1012gC yr-1(yr represents year), while the average annual NPP was 120.8 gC m-2yr-1.(2) The annual NPP in alpine grassland on the TP fluctuates from year to year but shows an overall positive trend ranging from 114.7 gC m-2yr-1in 1982 to 129.9 gC m-2yr-1in 2009, with an overall increase of 13.3%; 32.56% of the total alpine grassland on the TP showed a significant increase in NPP, while only 5.55% showed a significant decrease over this 28-year period.(3) Spatio-temporal characteristics are an important control on annual NPP in alpine grassland: a) NPP increased in most of the natural zones on the TP, only showing a slight decrease in the Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The positive trend in NPP in the high-cold shrub-meadow zone, high-cold meadow steppe zone and high-cold steppe zone is more significant than that of the high-cold desert zone; b) with increasing altitude, the percentage area with a positive trend in annual NPP follows a trend of"increasing-stable-decreasing", while the percentage area with a negative trend in annual NPP follows a trend of "decreasing-stable-increasing", with increasing altitude; c) the variation in annual NPP with latitude and longitude co-varies with the vegetation distribution; d) the variation in annual NPP within the major river basins has a generally positive trend, of which the growth in NPP in the Yellow River Basin is most significant. Results show that, based on changes in NPP trends, vegetation coverage and phonological phenomenon with time, NPP has been declining in certain places successively, while the overall health of the alpine grassland on the TP is improving.     

西藏自治区拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性评价与成因分析

构建了基于"敏感性—人为脆弱性"的脆弱性评价指标体系,运用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析和脆弱性评价模型,开展拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性评价,并运用障碍度计算方法,分析了影响脆弱性的主要因素。研究结果表明,拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性范围为0.115 3~0.742 7,可分为轻度脆弱、中度脆弱和重度脆弱3个等级,其中,中度脆弱面积最大,占湿地总面积的59.59%,集中分布在河谷区和高山盆地区,主要类型为藏北嵩草(Kobresia lit?tledalei)沼泽化草甸、杂类草湿草甸和河流;其次是轻度脆弱湿地,占湿地总面积的38.25%,主要分布于河源区的嘉黎县;重度脆弱湿地仅占2.16%,分布在河源区的那曲县和河谷区的桑日县。轻度和重度脆弱湿地的类型都以藏北嵩草沼泽化草甸、河流和湖泊为主。影响湿地脆弱性的主要因素有9个,其重要性从高到低依次为年降水量、污染源、牲畜密度、人均牧业产值、植被盖度、人均耕地面积、污水排放量、猪的密度和高程,其中,年降水量、放牧和植被盖度是普遍存在的最重要的影响因素。降低湿地脆弱性的关键在于保障水源供给、控制污染和限制过度放牧。