海南岛森林资源的特点及林业可持续发展对策

分析了海南岛森林资源的特点,指出林业生产存在的主要问题。根据其特点,构建森林资源可持续经营管理的基本模式,并对海南林业可持续发展提出相应的对策。     

大渡河上游林区森林资源退化及其恢复与重建

虽然森林采伐后的恢复重建一直是青藏高原东部地区森林经营管理的主要实践活动之一，但有关该区大规模森林恢复重建实践及其存在的问题还不清楚。本文选择大渡河上游林区，分析了该区目前森林资源现状、森林退化及其恢复重建及特点，阐明了该区目前资源管理与恢复重建存在的主要问题，并提出了相应的技术对策。结果表明，该区林地资源丰富，但森林资源量小，覆盖率不足23％，长期采伐导致森林生态系统结构和功能严重恶化；现有恢复重建技术体系不健全，人工成林成功率在高山同峡谷区不足30％，高丘区不足15％；造林树种单一，造林密度过大，抚育管理不力，人工林质量低下；强化对迹地退化过程的深入研究和监测，充分认识迹地环境的制约作用，强化抚育管理，改进和完善现有的森林重建技术体系，增加造林树种，特别是乡土阔叶树种的多样性应该是该区生态恢复重建的关键对策。     

青藏铁路温性草原区路域植被自然恢复过程中群落组成和物种多样性变化

以芨芨草和短花针茅为优势种的温性草原是青藏铁路进入海拔3000m以上地区所穿越的第一个地带性植被类型。在青藏铁路经过的温性草原区对未受筑路直接影响的区域、取土区、铁路路基、周围其它类型的公路路域植被进行取样，并对群落组成和有关群落特征进行了比较，以讨论青藏铁路的修建与运营对温性草原及其恢复过程的影响。结果显示，青藏铁路修筑过程对铁路两侧一定区域的温性草原有较大影响，但随着受影响区域植被的自然恢复，群落盖度、生态优势度和物种多样性等反应群落特征的指标都有一定程度的改善，一些在原生植被中很少出现或伴生种在恢复后的群落中有可能成为群落的优势种或建群种，如露蕊乌头和鹅绒委陵菜等；人为辅助措施将有利于受损植被的恢复；修筑铁路过程中受到影响的温性草原其恢复过程中尚未出现外来入侵植物。     

基于多模型和多数据源的青藏高原春季物候时空格局分析（英文）

In this study,we have used four methods to investigate the start of the growing season(SGS) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) from 1982 to 2012,using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data obtained from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMSS,1982-2006) and SPOT VEGETATION(SPOT-VGT,1999-2012).SGS values estimated using the four methods show similar spatial patterns along latitudinal or altitudinal gradients,but with significant variations in the SGS dates.The largest discrepancies are mainly found in the regions with the highest or the lowest vegetation coverage.Between 1982 and 1998,the SGS values derived from the four methods all display an advancing trend,however,according to the more recent SPOT VGT data(1999-2012),there is no continuously advancing trend of SGS on the TP.Analysis of the correlation between the SGS values derived from GIMMS and SPOT between 1999 and 2006 demonstrates consistency in the tendency with regard both to the data sources and to the four analysis methods used.Compared with other methods,the greatest consistency between the in situ data and the SGS values retrieved is obtained with Method 3(Threshold of NDVI ratio).To avoid error,in a vast region with diverse vegetation types and physical environments,it is critical to know the seasonal change characteristics of the different vegetation types,particularly in areas with sparse grassland or evergreen forest.     

中国陆路交通干线自然灾害风险刍议

中国经济的快速发展,使陆路交通的密度、长度和搭乘陆路交通工具的物资和人口流动规模日益增加,交通客流和物流的增多也使遭遇自然灾害的风险进一步加大。通过数据统计、GIS方法,对我国陆路交通干线(公路、铁路)的密度和过去死亡人口和自然灾害损失的模数进行叠合分析,认为在自然灾害频次和灾种呈上升趋势的背景下,陆路交通干线的极端灾害事件日益增多,中国自然灾害的风险因子在地域分布上中、东部高,西北部低。我国目前众多的极端灾害事件对交通干线的影响,是因为对交通干线的风险因子识别研究不足,应该从节点城市、干线路段和区域交通网络三个方面对陆路交通干线自然灾害的风险展开研究。     

塔里木盆地南缘和田地区土地利用变化的遥感研究

中国西部干旱区土地利用变化显著,是全球土地变化科学研究的热点区,为此论文基于1990—2016年4个时段的遥感卫星数据,采用面向对象的分层分类影像解译方法完成了塔里木盆地南缘和田地区(简称和田塔里木地区)土地利用调查,重点分析土地利用变化特征、发展模式和区域差异性。结果表明：1990—2016年,和田塔里木地区耕地持续加速扩张(增长率为2.9%/a),呈现渐进式扩张和骤变式开垦2种发展模式;建设用地面积增加(12.1%/a),主要表现为城市化发展、农村居民用地和交通用地的增加;耕地和建设用地扩张导致林灌草地和未利用地面积减少;和田地区县域土地利用发展不均衡,和田市建设用地比例最高,和田县与墨玉县的农业和建设用地扩张总量和速率最大,其次是洛浦县和于田县,皮山县、策勒县和民丰县农业和建设用地增长相对缓慢;总体上,和田塔里木地区耕地和建设用地的扩张在新疆处于一个较快的发展水平,今后一段时期快速的土地利用变化可能引起的生态环境问题需要重点关注。     

1981-2001年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被变化

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1981 to 2001, the digitalized China Vegetation Map （1：1,000,000）, DEM, temperature and precipitation data, and field investigation, the spatial patterns and vertical characteristics of natural vegetation changes and their influencing factors in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve have been studied. The results show that： （1） There is remarkable spatial difference of natural vegetation changes in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve and stability is the most common status. There are 5.04% of the whole area being seriously degraded, 13.19% slightly degraded, 26.39% slightly improved, 0.97% significantly improved and 54.41% keeping stable. The seriously and slightly degraded areas, which mostly lie in the south of the reserve, are along the national boundaries. The areas of improved vegetation lie in the north of the reserve and the south side of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The stable areas lie between the improved and degraded areas. Degradation decreases with elevation. （2） Degeneration in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve mostly affects shrubs, needle-leaved forests and mixed forests. （3） The temperature change affects the natural vegetation changes spatially while the integration of temperature changes, slopes and aspects affects the natural vegetation change along the altitude gradients. （4） It is the overuse of resources that leads to the vegetation degeneration in some parts of the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve.     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

首都圈典型沙区近40余年气候变化特征简析——以张北、怀来、丰宁3县为例

采用张北、丰宁、怀来建站以来气象资料 (气温、地表温度、降水、风速 ) ,分析了研究区 40余年的气候变化特征。结果表明 :2 0世纪 70年代以来研究区温度上升的速度持续增加 ;其中 1 985年是研究区气候变化的一个转折点 ,1 985年以前气候变化幅度较大 ,1 985年以后变化趋于稳定。     

中国土地利用文献分析及研究进展

中国生态与环境及可持续发展面临的许多问题都与土地利用及其变化有着密切的联系,寻求解决这些问 题的途径的迫切性决定了开展土地利用综合研究的必要性和重要性。土地利用研究文献则是反映土地利用研究水 平、研究现状及趋势的晴雨表,对于展示中国的土地利用研究成果,制定科学的区域可持续发展政策,正确认识我 国土地利用研究的热点(区域和问题)有着重要的科学价值和借鉴意义。通过对近百年来国内发表的中文文献的不 完全统计和分析,以1978~2007 年发表的4531 篇中国土地利用研究论文为数据源,利用文献计量学方法,从中国 土地利用研究文献的数量、研究区域、研究方法、研究主题的分布及变化等方面进行了深入的分析,并探讨了中国 土地利用研究现状及发展趋势。