无人机在海洋调查中的应用前景展望

无人机(UAV)是利用先进的无人驾驶技术、遥感技术和通信技术等高新技术,实现自动化、智能化、专用化快速获取空间信息,完成数据处理、建模和应用分析的应用技术。文章探讨了利用无人机技术的特点,如何与海洋调查等相关业务相结合,同时对无人机技术在海洋相关领域中的应用前景进行了探索和展望。     

荣成市船舶工业现状与发展研究

船舶工业是荣成市的支柱产业之一。经过长期集聚发展,荣成市现已成为山东省重要的修造船基地,在全国船舶工业产能分布格局中也占有较重要的地位。然而,面对当前国际船舶市场持续萎靡不振,船舶行业陷入深度调整周期。如何突围实现转型升级,是当前荣成船舶行业面临的一个难题。文章以荣成市船舶行业现状分析与评价为基础,针对存在的问题和制约因素,通过借鉴国内外船舶行业发展经验,提出了相关对策建议,期待能为推动荣成市船舶行业的发展贡献一份力量。     

北京石花洞结构特征及发育演化过程研究

北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以Onstation洞穴绘图软件和ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1) 石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5 639 m,洞底投影面积为37 096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2) 石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m, 211 m, 154 m, 111 m和95 m;(3) 最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1 638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4) 综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。      

Ecological effects of co-culturing sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with scallop Chlamys farreri in earthen ponds

Monthly changes in sedimentation and sediment properties were studied for three different culture treatments: sea cucumber monoculture (Mc), sea cucumber and scallop polyculture (Ps-c) and scallop monoculture (Ms). Results indicated that the survival rate of sea cucumber was significantly higher in Ps-c cultures than in Mc cultures. Sea cucumber yield was 69.6% higher in Ps-c culture than in Mc culture. No significant differences in body weight and scallop shell length were found between Ps-c and Ms cultures. The mean sedimentation rate of total particulate matter (TPM) was 72.2 g/(m2 d) in Ps-c cultures, with a maximum of 119.7 g/(m2 d), which was markedly higher than that of Mc (mean value). Sedimentation rates of organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Ps-c cultures were also significantly higher than those in Mc cultures. TOC and TN contents of sediment increased rapidly in the first 5 months in Ms cultures and remained at a high level. TOC and TN contents in Mc and Ps-c cultures decreased during sea cucumber feeding seasons and increased during sea cucumber dormancy periods (summer and winter). The study demonstrates that co-culture of sea cucumber and scallop in earthen ponds is an alternative way to alleviate nutrient loads and improve water quality in coastal aquaculture systems. Moreover, it provides the additional benefit of an increased sea cucumber yield.     

Metabolic rates and biochemical compositions of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) tissue during periods of inactivity

Estivation, hibernation, and starvation are indispensable inactive states of sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in nature and in culture ponds. Generally, temperature is the principal factor that induces estivation or hibernation in the sea cucumber. The present study provided insight into the physiological adaptations of A. japonicus during the three types of inactivity (hibernation, estivation, and starvation) by measuring the oxygen consumption rates (Vo2) and biochemical compositions under laboratory conditions of low (3°C), normal (17°C) and high (24°C) temperature. The results show that the characteristics of A. japonicus in dormancy (hibernation and estivation) states were quite different from higher animals, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, but more closely resembled a semi-dormant state. It was observed that the shift in the A. japonicus physiological state from normal to dormancy was a chronic rather than acute process, indicated by the gradual depression of metabolic rate. While metabolic rates declined 44.9% for the estivation group and 71.7% for the hibernation group, relative to initial rates, during the 36 d culture period, metabolic rates were not maintained at constant levels during these states. The metabolic depression processes for sea cucumbers in hibernation and estivation appeared to be a passive and an active metabolic suppression, respectively. In contrast, the metabolic rates (128.90±11.70 μg/g h) of estivating sea cucumbers were notably higher (107.85±6.31 μg/g h) than in starving sea cucumbers at 17°C, which indicated that the dormancy mechanism here, as a physiological inhibition, was not as efficient as in higher animals. Finally, the principle metabolic substrate or energy source of sea cucumbers in hibernation was lipid, whereas in estivation they mainly consumed protein in the early times and both protein and lipid thereafter.     

国土资源科技成果转化现状、问题及对策

文章基于国土资源科技成果转化调研情况和成果转化年度报告,阐述了国土资源科技成果转化在政策、管理机构、保障条件等方面的现状,认为国土资源科技成果和完成单位基础性、公益性的性质,决定转化特征、方式、需求、效益的不同。根据成果转化存在的问题,提出从制度体系、能力建设、经费投入、宣传推广角度深化改革,确保国土资源科技成果在实际应用中释放出巨大能量。     

土壤生态质量地球化学综合评价初探——以“贵阳市地区多目标区域地球化学调查”成果为例

多目标区域地球化学调查,是针对第四纪覆盖区开展的以基础地质、资源潜力与生态环境等为主要内容的基础性、公益性调查与评价工作,其成果可广泛服务于资源、农业、生态及城市规划等多领域.本文在介绍多目标区域地球化学调查产生的时代背景、工作方法及全国多目标调查取得的主要成果基础上,提出了土壤生态地球化学评价的评价方法和思路,该评价结果可以为贵阳市地区土地资源宏观分等定级提供充分依据.     

《巴黎协定》未来气候情景下“一带一路”沿线区域气候舒适度预估

基于最新一代耦合气候模式比较计划全球气候模式的预估模拟结果,采用净有效温度指标,分析《巴黎协定》未来气候情景下“一带一路”沿线区域气候舒适度格局的变化。结果表明未来气候情景下研究区整体的热不舒适日数增多,冷不舒适日数减少,且二者存在明显的空间错配,舒适日数的增减则存在明显的空间分异。高纬度、高海拔寒冷区域（例如中东欧、西伯利亚和青藏高原）的冷不舒适日数大幅减少,舒适日数略有增加,低纬度温暖区域（例如东南亚和南亚）的热不舒适日数强烈增加,舒适日数明显减少。进一步结合人口分布来看,热不舒适天气的人口暴露度急剧增加,舒适和冷不舒适天气的人口暴露度减少,且前者的增量大大超过后两者的减量,导致“一带一路”沿线区域整体的气候舒适度水平呈下降态势。若在当前气候政策的基础上进一步加强减排力度,可以缓解这种不利影响。     

雷暴路径在雷击风险评估中的应用初探

落雷的强度、密度及其时空分布、雷暴路径是反映某一区域雷电活动规律的主要内容,目前对雷暴路径的研究还较少,通过分析得出:地面物体遭雷击的概率与雷暴路径有关,位于雷暴路径上风方的物体更易受雷击,在实际防雷工作中,要考虑雷暴路径对雷击点的影响,而不单是几何模型的关系.对位置因子的确定,应结合雷暴路径的因素,考虑周围物体的影响,适当增加或降低雷击风险评估标准中给予的参考值.此外,本文认为绕击现象并非仅与雷电流强度有关,还与雷暴路径密切相关.     

三维激光扫描仪在林木测量方面的应用

一、引言 自1995年瑞士徕卡公司推出世界上第一台三维激光扫描仪的原型产品以来,三维激光扫描技术已经走过了十几年的历程。它是继GPS之后,测绘行业在技术上的又一次飞跃。传统的测量方式是单点测量,以获取单点的三维空间坐标,而三维激光扫描则自动、连续、