大菱鲆体重和主要体型比率性状的遗传动态分析

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of body width(BW)to body length(BL)ratio(BW/BL)and of body weight traits(BWT)in turbot,and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of the two traits during ontogeny by dynamic genetic analysis.From 3 to 27 months,BW,BL and BWT of each communally stocked fish were measured every 3 months.The BW/BL ratio was measured at different sampling ages.A twotrait animal model was used for genetic evaluation of traits.The results showed that the heritability values of BW/BL ratio ranged from 0.2168 to 0.3148,corresponding to moderate heritability.The BWT heritability values ranged from 0.2702 to 0.3479 corresponding to moderate heritability.The heritability of BW/BL ratio was lower than that of BWT,except at 3 months of age.Genetic correlation between BW/BL ratio and BWT decreased throughout the measurement period.Genetic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations.The current results for estimating genetic parameters demonstrate that the BW/BL ratio could be used as a phenotypic marker of fast-growing turbot,and the BW/BL ratio and BWT could be improved simultaneously through selective breeding.     

Heritability and genetic correlation of survival in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

We analyzed the survival data of the offspring from 21 sires and 42 dams of turbot. The results show that the cumulative survival rates for turbot from 2 to 18 months range from 17.5% to 28.5%; main mortality occurred during months 2–5; and the highest survival rates of families were 97.9%, 98.8%, 99.4%, 99.7% during months 2–5, 5–6, 6–8, 8–11, and 11–18, respectively, and 99.5%, being 53.5%, 23.8%, 19.5%, 14.9%, and 13.2% higher, respectively, than the mean values in each period. In all periods, the estimated heritabilities for survival were very low without significant difference from zero (P≫0.05) (values ranged from 0.06 to 0.12), indicating low additive genetic effects. The genetic correlations of survival among families in different periods were all positive, but low in magnitude (values range from 0.03 to 0.31). Genetic correlations between long-term survival and other periods’ survival had negative values (−0.06 and −0.15) and three positive values (0.16, 0.12 and 0.14). Genetic correlations between survival and weight were all positive, except for survival at months 2–5 and weight at 18 months, which was not significantly negative (−0.18).     

阿尔泰晚古生代内生金属矿床成矿系列和成矿规律

阿尔泰是中国重要的贵重、有色和稀有金属矿产富集区之一，通过初步研究，按照成矿系列的学术思想将区内金属矿床划分为4个矿床成矿亚系列，并对每个成矿亚系列形成的构造环境和主要地质作用进行了简要论述，进而探讨了该地区区域成矿规律与构造演化的关系，总结了该地区构造活动的时-空演化导致该地区独具特色的内生金属矿床侧向分带现象。     

EPSW电子平板测绘系统外业数据采集和图形生成法

介绍了EPSW电子平板测绘系统外业数据采集和图形生成的方法,借助Excel电子表格,对全站仪采集的外业数据进行处理,实现对fld文件的编辑,通过编辑fld文件实现外业测量数据的录入和地物点间的连接。     

转录组数据的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus) SNP标记开发及多态性分析

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)是最具商业价值和养殖前途的海水鱼类之一, 雌雄间生长有一定的差异。其高通量雌雄转录组测序的完成为大规模鉴定和开发SNP标记提供了参考序列。本研究基于大菱鲆雌雄转录组测序数据, 选择其中45个SNP位点, 设计引物63组, 其中21个位点(46.7%)应用小片段高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)技术分型成功。对其进行多态性检测, 21个位点均具有二个单倍型。观测杂合度Ho的分布范围为0.256—1.000, 期望杂合度He的范围为0.276—0.518, 19个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。14个SNP位点位于基因编码区, 其中3个属于非同义突变。含有这些SNP位点的基因大多与信号转导和转录翻译相关。本研究结果表明, 高通量转录组测序和小片段HRM适合大规模SNP标记开发, 为大菱鲆的分子遗传育种提供了候选标记资源。     

大菱鲆体重和形态性状的遗传动态分析

In order to elucidate the genetic mechanism of growth traits in turbot during ontogeny, developmental genetic analysis of the body weights, total lengths, standard lengths and body heights of turbots was conducted by mixed genetic models with additive-dominance effects, based on complete diallel crosses with four different strains of Scophthalmus maximus from Denmark, Norway, Britain, and France. Unconditional genetic analysis revealed that the unconditional additive effects for the four traits were more significant than unconditional dominance effects, meanwhile, the alternative expressions were also observed between the additive and dominant effects for body weights, total lengths and standard lengths. Conditional analysis showed that the developmental periods with active gene expression for body weights, total lengths, standard lengths and body heights were 15–18, 15 and 21–24, 15 and 24, and 21 and 27 months of age, respectively. The proportions of unconditional/conditional variances indicated that the narrow-sense heritabilities of body weights, total lengths and standard lengths were all increased systematically. The accumulative effects of genes controlling the four quantitative traits were mainly additive effects, suggesting that the selection is more efficient for the genetic improvement of turbots. The conditional genetic procedure is a useful tool to understand the expression of genes controlling developmental quantitative traits at a specific developmental period(t-1→t) during ontogeny. It is also important to determine the appropriate developmental period(t-1→t) for trait measurement in developmental quantitative genetic analysis in fish.     

大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值估计

采用非求导约束最大似然法（DFREML）进行了大菱鲆不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值研究,每一生长阶段分别对4种不同动物模型估计遗传参数的差异进了比较。不同模型中对全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量作了不同的考虑：模型A,不考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量;模型AD,仅考虑日龄协变量;模型AF,仅考虑全同胞家系效应;模型AFD,同时考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量。结果表明,6月龄利用模型AF,3月龄、9月龄、12月龄、15月龄利用模型AFD对遗传参数和育种值进行估计较为适合。利用育种值选择和表型值选择两种方法分别进行了家系选择和个体选择的效率比较,结果表明,在每一生长阶段依据育种值选择的效率均高于表型值选择的效率。利用不同生长阶段的家系育种值以及亲本育种值分别进行了家系选择比较和亲本选择比较,结果表明,在不同生长阶段,按家系、父本和母本的育种值分别排序,前50％的相同率和育种值的相关系数均为9-12月龄较6—9月龄的提高幅度比其它相邻阶段显著增加,推测家系提前筛选的时间以及父本和母本选择的时期均不低于9月龄。     

七带石斑鱼（Epinephelus septemfasciatus）两个野生群体形态差异分析

对2种不同地理种群七带石斑鱼进行14项形态性状的测定,采用2种多元统计分析方法和t-检验方法,比较了2个群体的外部形态特征。t-检验结果表明,2群体在14个性状中有12个性状表现出极其显著差异（P〈0．01）,1个性状表现出差异显著（P〈0．05）。主成分分析构建了3个反映形态特征信息的综合性指标—主成分1、主成分2和主成分3,三者的贡献率分别为29．873％、25．091％和16．875％,三个主成分的累积贡献率为71．804％,2群体之间存在明显的偏离态势,形成两个不同的类群,2群体在主成分1轴上的差异较在主成分2轴上的差异更为明显,主成分1主要由经卜检验差异指标数量多和差异程度大的性状组成。判别分析表明,2个七带石斑鱼群体的形态差异显著（P〈0.0001）,建立了2个群体的判别函数,其判别准确率及综合判别率均为100％,可以认为逐步判别法对七带石斑鱼不同群体的初步鉴定是可行的。差异系数（C.D）计算的结果表明,尽管2群体在形态上存在一定的差异,但尚未达到亚种水平。主成分分析、t-检验和判别分析的结论基本上是类似的,它们从不同的角度反映了群体间的形态学差异。     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长性状的遗传力及其相关性分析

以4种不同地理群体大菱鲆为亲本,采用巢式设计方法和人工采卵授精技术,按照1雄配2雌的原则,构建了28个父系半同胞家系和56个母系全同胞家系,分别测定了每个母系生长到6月龄的全同胞个体60个后代的体长、全长、体高、体重,应用数量遗传学原理,利用全同胞资料,采用方差、协方差分析的方法,研究了大菱鲆6月龄生长性状的遗传力及性状间的遗传相关和表型相关。对性状遗传力研究结果表明,雌性遗传方差组分均大于雄性遗传方差组分,雌性遗传方差组分存在显著的母性效应。基于父系半同胞组内相关法估计的遗传力是大菱鲆体长、全长、体高、体重遗传力的无偏估计值,估计的遗传力准确可靠,估计值分别为0．282、0．251、0．283、0．450,为中高等遗传力,显示对大菱鲆生长性状进行选择育种具有很大的潜力。对性状间相关性分析结果表明,依据父系半同胞遗传协方差组分和表型协方差分别估计体长．全长、体长一体高、体长．体重、全长。体高、全长一体重、体高一体重间的遗传相关和表型相关,遗传相关在0．888-0．985,表型相关在0．864—0．957,各性状间遗传相关和表型相关经t检验均达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）。