自动气象站数据采集故障的诊断

分析了自动气象站数据采集中常出现的一些故障,给出了一些诊断方法.     

面状要素注记智能化配置方法研究

讨论了数字制图条件下面要素注记的模式分类及算法,并在VC 环境下将上述算法予以实现.试验证明,应用此算法注记效果符合制图规则,具有较好效率.     

整层大气水汽含量与地面水汽压相关性的统计研究

根据合肥站4 a的观测资料,对比分析了整层大气可降水量(precIpitable water vapor,PWV)与地面水汽压(surface vapor pressure,SVP)之间的几种经验关系.统计结果表明,PWV与SVP的对数关系、线性关系和二次曲线关系回归方程的年决定系数普遍大于0.820;二次曲线关系的经验系数随年度变化较明显;线性关系的经验系数则相对具有年度稳定性;二次曲线关系更符合合肥地区的实际情况.     

华南沿海一次暖区特大暴雨的对流特征和发展机制分析

2017年6月22日华南沿海经历了一次罕见的极端降雨事件(24 h最大累计雨量562.5 mm),刷新了当地多项历史雨量纪录。使用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和多源观测数据,分析了这次降雨过程的天气背景、天气尺度触发和维持机制、中尺度环流的演变及雷达特征等。结果表明:这次极端降雨发生在暖湿偏南气流中,双低空急流相互配合产生的上升运动是此次暴雨主要的天气尺度触发机制,其中边界层急流的建立也为雨区提供了有利不稳定能量和水汽条件,整个降雨过程随着双低空急流结构配合的减弱而结束。降雨形成较弱的冷池出流边界在锦江南侧和岗美东南侧原地少动,并不断激发新生对流,使得对流云团在锦江和岗美地区准静止,从而产生极端累计降雨量。整个降雨过程中对流结构表现出低质心的结构特点,对流成熟阶段锦江和岗美地区近地面平均雨滴粒径较为接近,锦江降雨效率高于岗美主要体现在更加密集的雨滴数量上。     

两种雨滴谱仪观测对比及对雷达降水估测精度影响研究北大核心CSCD

利用广东龙门、新丰和佛冈布设的二维视频雨滴谱仪(2D-video-disdrometer,2DVD)和HY-P1000激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,分析了相同地点和相同时间两类雨滴谱仪降水滴谱观测和降水反演精度的差异。根据收集的2018年和2019年的雨滴谱观测数据,拟合了双偏振雷达定量降水估测基本关系式,并应用于S波段双偏振雷达(CINRAD/SAD)定量降水估测(quantitive precipitation estimation,QPE)优化组合方案中。结果表明:较HY-P1000雨滴谱仪而言,2DVD可观测到更多的1 mm以下的小粒子降水,但观测到的大于3.5 mm的雨滴数明显少于HY-P1000雨滴谱仪;对比由2DVD和HY-P1000观测数据计算得到的双偏振参数与CINRAD-SAD 0.5°仰角观测得到的双偏振参数,发现参数间均存在一定的差别,其中差分反射率因子差别相对较大;此外,利用2DVD观测数据可整体提升双偏振雷达QPE精度,对中雨及以下量级精度提升尤为明显。     

基于X波段双偏振相控阵雷达的超级单体风暴观测分析

为了研究X波段双偏振相控阵雷达对超级单体风暴的探测能力,利用X波段双偏振相控阵雷达和S波段双偏振天气雷达资料,分析了一次发生在华南地区的超级单体风暴在成熟阶段的精细结构观测特征,结果表明：X波段双偏振相控阵雷达较高的时空分辨率有利于精细监测超级单体快速演变过程,但同时受衰减影响明显,超级单体核心区后侧出现明显的“V”型缺口;超级单体的低层观测到CC谷和ZDR弧,中层观测到ZDR环和CC环,高层高ZH区对应较小的ZDR和CC,这些都是超级单体发展旺盛的重要特征;垂直方向上观测到ZDR柱,ZDR柱与上升气流密切相关。降雹前ZDR柱迅速增加,冰雹降落后ZDR柱高度迅速降低。冰雹降落到地面后会部分融化,导致含水量显著增加,因此在近地层出现KDP大值区,冰雹与降水的混合相态则使得CC降低,这对冰雹的临近预警和识别冰雹在地面的降落位置具有很好的指示意义。研究结果可为X波段双偏振相控阵雷达在强对流天气监测预警中的应用提供参考。     

The Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base, China Meteorological Administration

Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences jointly set up the Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base,China Meteorological Administration. This paper introduces the instruments and field experiments of this base, provides an overview of the recent advances in retrieval a...     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the South China Monsoon Region (Guangdong Province)

While heavy rainfall frequently takes place in southern China during summer monsoon seasons,quantitative precipitation forecast skills are relatively poor.Therefore,detailed knowledge about the raindrop size distribution(DSD)is useful in improving the quantitative precipitation estimation and forecast.Based on the data during 2018-2022 from 86stations in a ground-based optical disdrometer measurement network,the characteristics of the DSD in Guangdong province are investigated in terms of the pa...     

Thermodynamics and Microphysical Characteristics of an Extreme Rainfall Event Under the Influence of a Low-level Jet over the South China Coast

In this paper, the data of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), ERA5 reanalysis, sounding, wind profile radar, and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets (LLJs). Results show that: (1) The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages: the first stage (S1) from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage (S2) from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day. During S1, the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet (BLJ), characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains. In S2, the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity, strengthening the rainstorm. In combination with the effect of topography, a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north, resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area (on the terrain’s windward slope). From S1 to S2, the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously. (2) The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line (MCL) on the surface, and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds. Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB, convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall. In S2, the convergence along the MOB is enhanced, which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows, further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism. It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall. (3) In terms of microphysics, the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2. The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages, but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1, featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations. It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs, which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels, enhancing the ice phase process (riming process), producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall, resulting in the increase of liquid water content (LWC) and the formation of large raindrops near the surface.     

台风“妮妲”（1604）登陆期间近地层风特性分析

利用深圳350 m气象梯度观测铁塔获取的台风“妮妲”（1604）登陆期间近地多层风观测资料,分析“妮妲”登陆期间风场和阵风系数等变化特征。结果显示：“妮妲”登陆期间,近地面风速随时间呈增强—减弱—增强—减弱的“M”型特征,风向由西北方向转为南东南;风速随高度增加而增加,其中风速垂直变化最大的时段为“妮妲”后风圈经过期间;垂直方向上,“妮妲”前外围向前风圈过渡期间风向多变,而其他时段风向随高度基本不变;在“妮妲”前外围、前风圈和眼区经过期间,350 m高度以下的风速随高度的变化遵循对数关系,而在“妮妲”后风圈和后外围时段仅适用于150 m以下高度;在“妮妲”登陆过程中,铁塔观测的粗糙度长度约为0.52 m;阵风系数随高度增加而减小,“妮妲”登陆前和眼区的阵风系数较大;另外,阵风系数与风速呈负相关关系,随着风速增加而减小,尤其是风速小于10 m/s时。