全新世浙江地区气候变化对史前文化的影响(英文)

The temporal-spatial distribution features of prehistoric cultures since the Holocene in Zhejiang region were comparatively analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis. Results show that the prehistoric cultures expanded gradually in this region before 4000 cal. a BP. The notable expansions occurred twice, one in the Majiabang-Hemudu cultural period, the other in the Liangzhu cultural period. Meanwhile, the prehistoric cultures were disseminated from west to east coast along river valleys. After 4000 cal. a BP, as represented by the Maqiao Culture, the distributed area of each prehistoric culture contracted. This is obviously due to the termination of spreading trends to east coast, which was simultaneously accompanied by two different modes of production and economic transitions in the north and south Zhejiang region respectively. The distribution of prehistoric cultures was closely related with Holocene sea-level fluctuations, especially on the banks of Hangzhou Bay, where the distribution changes of prehistoric cultural sites were greatly affected by sea-level changes, with the closest relationships between them. After 7000 cal. a BP, the process of lowered sea-level and regression-epeirogenesis provided wider terrestrial living spaces for prehistoric inhabitants. Based on the comparative analyses of the changes of prehistoric cultures and the environmental evolution information recorded in the Qianmutian subalpine peat of Mt. Tianmu and muddy area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea, it is indicated that the changes of prehistoric cultures were synchronized with environmental changes in Zhejiang region. Before 4000 cal. a BP, the eastward expansion of prehistoric cultures in Zhejiang occurred under the background of the Holocene Optimum, and was the expansion and extension under the joint influences of agricultural civilization and maritime civilization. However, after 4000 cal. a BP, the geographical contraction of prehistoric cultures in Zhejiang occurred under the back-ground of dry-cold climate trend and deterioration of coastal marine environment. It is evidenced from the above fact that the development, expansion and contraction of prehistoric cultures are positively correlated to environmental change. The change of the climatic environment is just the underlying reason for these changes and transitions of production modes and economic forms. Therefore, the climatic environment is the dominant factor of prehistoric culture vicissitudes in Zhejiang region, which has exerted great influence on distribution, dissemination, expansion and transmutation of the culture.     

江苏宜兴骆驼墩遗址地层全新世沉积环境研究

主要通过对骆驼墩遗址地层样品的粒度和重砂矿物的鉴定、样品中锆石形态的对比研究,铷锶值的测定与分析,了解该区域全新世以来的沉积环境及其气候变化,探索气候变化与人类文明和文化发展的关系。对骆驼墩遗址文化层下的自然淤积层的粒度分析和锆石形态研究发现该区域在人类出现之前可能经历过浅水泻湖环境;  结合重矿物及铷锶研究发现,该区域在全新世早期降水量较大,气候较为湿热,之后气候逐渐变得温暖湿润,为人类文明的出现和文化的发展提供了一个优越的气候条件;  通过对地层中文化层样品的重矿物鉴定及百分含量分析、ZTR稳定系数及Rb/Sr分析发现,全新世的气候是不断变化的。尤其在马家浜文化时期、良渚文化时期和广富林文化时期气候经历过温湿与干凉的交替变化过程。同时良渚文化时期的中晚期稳定系数出现了该地层的最高值,说明当时气候较为湿热,降水量偏多,这与良渚文化的消失与洪水有关的结论相一致。     

南京地区下蜀黄土磁性地层年代与古环境变化

通过对南京江北泰山新村下蜀土剖面所采的144个样品和南京江南燕子矶下蜀土剖面所采的467个样品所进行的古地磁测年、磁化率测量和粒度测定,建立了南京地区下蜀黄土地层220kaB.P.以来较精细的时间标尺;在此工作基础上,将南京下蜀黄土堆积所记录的环境信息同北方经典黄土、深海沉积氧同位素记录进行了对比,发现燕子矶剖面磁化率曲线能够与深海沉积氧同位素曲线1—7阶段进行良好的对比,两者之间的细节变化具有一致性,其中S0表现为高值,可与氧同位素曲线阶段1对比,为一高温期;L1可以划分为两层黄土(L1LL1、L1LL2)和一层弱发育的古土壤(L1SS1),L1LL1和L1LL2可与阶段2和4对比,L1SS1可与阶段3对比;S1古土壤层由3个古土壤亚层(S1SS1、S1SS2、S1SS3)和2个弱成土亚层(S1LL1、S1LL2)叠置而成,磁化率曲线具有明显的三峰夹两谷形式,正好可与氧同位素阶段5对比,表明这一时期的古气候特点是在湿热的背景下有两次干冷波动,其中S1SS1、S1SS2、S1SS3分别对应于5a、5c、5e,S1LL1、S1LL2对应于5b、5d;L2黄土磁化率曲线整体呈谷形,但中下部有一次峰,下部磁化率偏高,与阶段6的曲线特征相吻合;S2古土壤层未见底,目前获得的磁化率曲线特征可与7a和7b对比。以上研究结果确立了江南风尘堆积的古气候全球变化意义。     

黑龙江省莲花山火山群

莲花山火山群位于五大连池火山群的西南。其岩性和五大连池相同。但喷发强度较弱，规模较小，末期喷发的浮石、火山渣充填了火山口，春时代属更新世。其上为晚更新世硅藻土层所覆。火山岩中含深源包体和绿辉石巨晶。文中还论述了火山作用和高岭土，硅藻土的成因联系。     

皖南山区山地生态系统经济价值损失估算方法

生态系统是由多种成分组成的复杂系统，对生态系统破坏造成的损失首先会直接影响到森林资源、水资源、土地资源、草场资源等。为估算某一地区生态系统经济损失，可采用将损失转化为货币值的方法，损失函数P(A)，P(A)=∑P(UAi)=P(A)，Ai(i=1，2，3，……)为各单项损失值。用此方法估算出皖南山区2000年生态系统经济损失值达27309．32万元，占当年农业总产值的4．42％，森林资源损失为17679．44万元，水资源损失7596．66万元，土地资源损失6094．49万元，草场资源损失3120．58万元。所采用的方法科学，经验证表明估算值基本正确，但比实际值偏小。     

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖花岗岩坑穴成因

On top of Shigujian Peak (1477 m a.s.l.) of the Dayangshan Mountain in Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, large amounts of granite pits with diameters ranging from several dozens of centimeters to around one meter and depth from 10 cm to 45 cm are found on rock surface. These pits mainly appear on the NE and SE sides, and their drainage mouths are in the same direction. The identification results through micropolariscope and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer reveal that bedrock of pits is from middle to fine-grained moyite being apt to be weathered and modified. In Dayangshan region the annual mean temperature is 9.2°C and annual precipitation is over 1700 mm. On the one hand, there always experiences a period of periglacial action with temperature oscillating near 0°C for 4 months, i.e., from December to March next year. As a consequence, the freezing-thawing cycles may be remarkable to disintegrate the bedrock. On the other hand, the windward slope of Shigujian Peak meets typhoon of over force 10 on the Beaufort scale in summer, therefore, the blowing makes suspending sands or pebbles grind in swirling form. Based on field investigation and periglacial geomorphic theory, the pits on top of Shigujian Peak are attributed to freezing-thawing of periglacial action. Meanwhile, storm and strong wind accelerate the process. Observation shows that both the actions are still undergoing and variant directions of wind are the main cause for making different shapes of the pits. Because the top of Shigujian is 1500 m lower than the present snow line, some scholars considered that “glacial pothole” formed in the Quaternary is hard to work, even though in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Foundation: Regional landform and landscape survey programme of the Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey Author: Zhu Cheng (1954–), Professor, specialized in geomorphology and the Quaternary geology.     

福建冠豸山丹霞地貌成因及旅游景观特色

福建冠豸山自晚株罗世以来经历了山间盆地形成和侏罗、白垩系巨厚砂砾岩堆积成岩阶段,新构造运动中使盆地隆升和节理发育。自第三纪以来主要经夯了４次较大幅度具掀斜性质的抬升过程。从４级夷平面的相对高差可知,第一、二次抬升之间幅度差为３４～７８．８ｍ,第二、三次抬升之间的幅度差为８１～１００ｍ,第三、四次为３８～４６ｍ。在抬升过程中,受内力挤压和四周围岩压力逐渐消失造成的卸荷作用影响,岩层出现众多深大裂隙和     

南沙套二元相结构的发现及其意义

野外调查中，作者在湖北宜昌枝城市红花镇南沙套村三峡出口处最高阶地上发现一套二元相结构沉积。按发现地点，将其定名为南沙套二元相结构。根据地层层序和接触关系，其相对年代可定为Q1。研究认为：这套沉积物不仅可用以确定长江三峡切穿和长江贯通的时代，而且也可用以研究本区新构造运动的时代及网纹红土的成因与环境。     

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖花岗岩坑穴成因

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖海拔1477m,在其山顶花岗岩表面发现大量直径几十厘米至1m左右、深度10cm至45cm的坑穴。经对60处坑穴的形态量测发现,坑穴主要发育在山坡的NE和SE一侧;坑穴积水后出水口流向亦主要朝向NE和SE。对岩石标本的偏光显微镜和X荧光光谱鉴定分析发现,该处基岩为易风化、泥化明显的中细粒钾长花岗岩。该处年平均气温9.2oC,年降水量在1700mm以上,每年12月至翌年3月会经历4个月日气温在0oC上下波动的冰缘作用期,雨雪水冻融交替对基岩的崩解作用明显。该处位于夏季台风雨迎风坡（NE和SE坡）一侧,暴雨常伴随有10级以上大风。现场常可见风力吹蚀带动坑穴中细岩屑对坑穴内壁产生加速旋转磨蚀作用。上述研究表明,该处花岗岩坑穴形成的主要动力成因首先是冰缘寒冻风化作用,暴雨和山顶大风的风力吹蚀加速了坑穴的形成。观察表明,此种作用目前仍在进行之中,风向的转变是造成坑穴出现多种形态的主要原因。由于此处海拔距雪线尚有1500m高差,即使在第四纪盛冰期也仅是接近雪线高度,且因山顶无积雪屯冰的低洼地形,因此,第四纪“冰臼”成因说难以成立。     

全新世气候变化与长江三角洲史前文化兴衰

来自长江三角洲的薛城遗址和金址三野村遗址的孢粉和植物硅酸体鉴定或地球化学分析结果表明，长江三角洲史前文化的兴衰与全新世气候变化有一定的耦合关系，薛城遗址相当于马家浜文化晚期，它是南京地区发现最早的新石器遗址，新仙女木冰期之后，该区进入明显的持续增温时期，直至全新世高温期，持续较长时期的暖湿气候使该区新石器文化得以发展，金坛三星村新石器遗址相当于马家浜 文化中期至崧泽文化中期，崧泽文化是在暖湿气候条件下出现和繁荣的，但在5500a BP之后，气候极为冷干，加上当时人类活动剧烈，自然植被破坏比较严重，导致崧泽文化发生中断。