中国沉积学发展战略:沉积学相关实验室及设备现状与展望

通过国内外资料调研和1950年以来我国相关实验室的考证,研究我国沉积学相关实验室及其仪器设备的历史和现状,揭示存在问题,提出相关建议。数据主要源于三方面,包括国内外数据库6个,国内外沉积学相关实验室官方网站102个以及国内外搜索引擎5个。对访问和调研结果进行统计分析,研究我国沉积学相关实验室及仪器设备的种类、数量及其地区和年代分布,并与国外相关实验室进行对比分析,探索我国沉积学的发展历程、现状和存在问题,并据此展望我国沉积学的未来发展趋势。结果显示,我国沉积学发展经历了1950—1980年的起步阶段,1980—2010年的快速发展阶段,以及2010年以来的稳步提升阶段。作为研究陆表岩石—水—大气—生物相互作用的过程、结果和机制的专门学科,沉积学与资源、环境、全球变化等人类面临的重大挑战都密切相关。我国的沉积学研究长期以来,一直是化石能源与沉积矿产、海洋过程与资源、区域环境和可持续发展等,事关国计民生的相关基础科学研究的重要组成部分。然而,从分析结果看,作为一个重要的地学基础学科,我国沉积学目前面临着以下问题:1）迄今全国还没有一个专门化的沉积学实验室;2）专门用于沉积学研究的实验仪器和设备很少;3）目前与沉积学相关的实验室分布过于集中,实验室与所研究的对象（自然界典型的沉积过程）相互脱离的现象日趋明显且不断加剧。由此可见,一方面我国的沉积学在国民经济和社会发展中发挥着重要的基础研究作用,另一方面相关支撑条件又相对薄弱且存在理论与实际相脱离的趋势。这些问题无疑将会阻碍我国沉积学未来的健康发展。通过此次“中国沉积学发展战略”调研,进一步摸清了家底、理清了问题、看到了不足,希望在此与同行分享我们的调研成果,同时更希望引起相关专家和管理部门的注意,在条件允许时能够不失时机地解决影响我国沉积学发展的上述瓶颈问题。     

典型海域生境修复与生物资源养护研究进展与展望

高强度的人类活动和剧烈的全球气候变化导致了海洋污染加剧、海洋生态系统退化和海洋生物资源衰退,海洋生境修复和资源养护成为世界各国普遍采取的应对措施。本文从生境修复设施与技术、生物资源养护技术和监测管理等方面,综述了典型海域生境修复与资源养护的主要研究进展,并从生物行为控制、承载力提升、设施装备、融合发展和生态系统管理等角度展望了未来研究热点和发展模式,以期为未来海洋生境修复和生物资源养护提供参考。     

Effect of culture methods on individual variation in the growth of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within a cohort and family

There is substantial individual variation in the growth rates of sea cucumber Apostiehopus japonicus individuals. This necessitates additional work to grade the seed stock and lengthens the production period. We evaluated the influence of three culture methods （free-mixed, isolated-mixed, isolated-alone） on individual variation in growth and assessed the relationship between feeding, energy conversion efficiency, and individual growth variation in individually cultured sea cucumbers. Of the different culture methods, animals grew best when reared in the isolated-mixed treatment （i.e., size classes were held separately）, though there was no difference in individual variation in growth between rearing treatment groups. The individual variation in growth was primarily attributed to genetic factors. The difference in food conversion efficiency caused by genetic differences among individuals was thought to be the origin of the variance. The level of individual growth variation may be altered by interactions among individuals and environmental heterogeneity. Our results suggest that, in addition to traditional seed grading, design of a new kind of substrate that changes the spatial distribution of sea cucumbers would effectively enhance growth and reduce individual variation in growth of sea cucumbers in culture.     

白刺参，浅青刺参，深青刺参和紫刺参色素组成及黑色素含量的比较分析

Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka), is a commercially important marine species in China. Among the differently colored varieties sold in China, white and purple sea cucumbers have the greatest appeal to consumers. Identification of the pigments that may contribute to the formation of different color morphs of sea cucumbers will provide a scientific basis for improving the cultivability of desirable color morphs. In this study,sea cucumbers were divided into four categories according to their body color: white, light green, dark green, and purple. The pigment composition and contents in the four groups were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The results show that the pigment contents differed significantly among the white, lightgreen, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers, and there were fewer types of pigments in white sea cucumber than in the other color morphs. The only pigments detected in white sea cucumbers were guanine and pteroic acid.Guanine and pteroic acid are structural colors, and they were also detected in light-green, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers. Every pigment detected, except for pteroic acid, was present at a higher concentration in purple morphs than in the other color morphs. The biological color pigments melanin, astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lutein were detected in light-green, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers. While progesterone and lycopene,which are also biological color pigments, were not detected in any of the color morphs. Melanin was the major pigment contributing to body color, and its concentration increased with deepening color of the sea cucumber body. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that white sea cucumbers had the fewest epidermal melanocytes in the body wall, and their melanocytes contained fewer melanosomes as well as non-pigmented pre-melanosomes. Sea cucumbers with deeper body colors contained more melanin granules. In the body wall of dark-green and purple sea cucumbers, melanin granules were secreted out of the cell. The results of this study provide evidence for the main factors responsible for differences in coloration among white, light-green, darkgreen, and purple sea cucumbers, and also provide the foundation for further research on the formation of body color in sea cucumber, A. japonicus.     

水生动物行为生态学研究进展

水生动物行为生态学是动物行为生态学的重要分支,对理解水生动物的生存行为机制、指导渔业生产和保护濒危水生动物具有重要意义。近年来,随着新型研究技术和手段的出现,水生动物行为生态学在短时间内得到了迅速发展。水生动物行为多种多样,本文主要综述了水生动物行为生态学的研究方法与手段,探讨了水生动物运动行为、摄食行为、繁殖行为和集群行为等方面的研究进展,并展望了水生动物行为生态学的研究与应用前景,以期为水生动物行为生态学研究与应用提供借鉴和参考。     

海洋微塑料污染的生物效应研究进展

微塑料是粒径小于5mm的各类塑料碎片的总称。在环境领域中,微塑料污染已经成为人们的关注热点。近年来,海洋环境中微塑料污染日益严峻,其引发的生物与环境问题也备受关注。本文系统总结了海洋微塑料污染的生物效应研究进展,介绍了微塑料的定义、来源、分类、分布特征等研究现状,分析了微塑料对海洋环境中海水水质和沉积环境的影响,综述了微塑料对海洋生物的毒性效应,并基于研究进展提出了未来需关注的研究方向,以期为海洋微塑料对环境与生物的影响研究提供借鉴和参考。     

臭氧对空气中IBV冠状病毒的杀灭效果的研究

本文利用强氧化剂臭氧 O3 对空气中的冠状病毒进行杀灭试验。经不同臭氧浓度、湿度、温度处理灭活的冠状病毒于 1 0日龄鸡胚培养一代 ,进行对流免疫电泳试验检测。结果表明 ,臭氧浓度在高于 2 0 .3mg/ m3 ,作用时间超过 1 5 min时就可将病毒完全杀灭。湿度和温度对臭氧的杀毒效果也有显著影响 ,即湿度越大灭活效果越好 ,温度越高杀毒效果越明显     

海洋牧场环境要素自动采集系统的设计

设计了一种适用于海洋牧场环境要素的自动采集方法,可同步观测牧场海域气象数据与水质数据,并实现各类数据的分类与存储。结果表明,获取数据数值符合海洋牧场水质要素时间序列的变化规律,能为海洋牧场防灾减灾预警提供有效的数据支持。     

海州湾前三岛海域栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)生长特征与养殖容量的评估

2007年7月—2008年6月,在海州湾前三岛附近海域进行了栉孔扇贝深水筏式养殖实验。周年监测了海区的环境因子和栉孔扇贝的生长情况,并利用生物沉积法,现场研究了各生长时期扇贝的滤食作用。结果表明,该海区养殖栉孔扇贝在当年秋、冬季和次年春季生长迅速,夏季生长相对缓慢,周年平均软组织生长速度为11.29mg/d,平均干贝壳生长速度为48.84mg/d,扇贝能够于次年年初达到商品规格(6cm)。不同时期栉孔扇贝滤水率之间差异显著,在扇贝规格相似的情况下,滤水率随水温升高而升高;而水温相近的情况下,滤水率随扇贝规格增大而增加。利用改进的Incze等(1981)的养殖容量模型,评估了该海区养殖容量,结果表明在现有养殖模式下,2007年7、9、11、12月以及2008年3、6月,沿着海流方向适养区域长度分别为4.0、4.6、4.7、5.1、4.5和3.2km,平均为4.35km;垂直于海流方向单位宽度(100m)的海区可以支持的扇贝湿重随着扇贝的生长逐渐增加,到2008年3月份达到最高(16.73t),随后开始下降。     

海上风电对海洋生态环境与海洋生物资源的综合影响研究进展

海上风电具有就近消纳方便、发电效率高和不消耗化石能源等特点,在低碳经济发展背景下,加快海上风电开发已成为全球各国促进能源结构转型与可持续发展的普遍共识。但海上风电在建设及运营过程中所产生的噪音和磁场对海洋环境和生物的影响尚不明确。本文系统梳理了全球海上风电发展现状,分析了海上风电开发对海洋生态环境与生物资源的综合影响,从生理、行为和分子三个层面重点分析了海上风电所产生的噪音和磁场对海洋生物的潜在影响,以期为科学利用海上风电提供参考。