IMPROVED FORECASTING OF COLD AIR OUTBREAKS OVER SOUTHERN CHINA THROUGH OROGRAPHIC GRAVITY WAVE DRAG PARAMETERIZATION

The parameterization of gravity wave drag induced by sub-grid scale orography(GWDO), which has been used in the regional model based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model(GRAPES_TMM), is extended to include the effect of mountain flow blocking drag(MBD). The extended scheme is evaluated against non-GWDO parameterization, including a cold air outbreak over southern China and a monthly verification in February 2012. The experiment results show that the GWDO and MBD parameterization both improves the forecasting of the cold air outbreaks over southern China, as well as alleviations of system bias of GRAPES_TMM.(1) The extended scheme alleviates the strong southerly wind and high surface temperature simulation during the cold air outbreak, especially over northern Guangxi and Guangdong(NGG) province, where local high surface temperature simulation reduces nearly 5 degree.(2) The MBD parameterization improves southerly wind simulations over NGG, as well as surface temperature forecasts improvement over Guangxi, Guizhou province and southern Yunnan-Guizhou plateau(YUP), and low level southerly wind simulation improvement over intertidal zone over south China.(3) The formation of MBD is mainly in the mountain area(Wuyi, Daba mountain, east of YUP) and coastal area. The MBD over plateau, which is mainly formed at the west of 105°E, is stronger and thicker than that over Nanling mountain.(4) The improvement of GWDO and MBD parameterization is stable in model physics. MBD parameterization demonstrates more overall improvements in the forecasts than GWDO, and the larger of the model forecast error is, the greater improvements of MBD contribute to. Overall, the extended GWDO scheme successfully improves the simulations of meteorological elements forecasting during cold air outbreaks.     

里奥格兰德裂谷南部地壳结构的地球物理约束

里奥格兰德裂谷仍有地质活动发生的证据,主要有第四纪断层作用、地震活动和裂谷低速扩张。利用绘制的地壳厚度与地震波速比所生成的约束地壳模型横剖面,来突出里奥格兰德裂谷南部的区域扩张。计算了147个台站的接收函数和它们的叠加,使用的数据包括地球透镜计划美国台阵移动阵列、以前收集的美国西南部数据,并使用克里金插值方法对地壳和速度结果进行了插值。再将上述接收函数结果作为反演密度剖面的一个约束条件,得到了一个新的、优化的重力反演方法。最终,得到了约束地壳模型。该模型显示里奥格兰德裂谷南部地区存在浅层莫霍面(30km),此结果比前人得到的要厚。在盆岭区,里奥格兰德裂谷西部地壳分层,接近大平原的里奥格兰德裂谷东部存在较厚的地壳,且伴有密度大的低速层。我们也发现特拉华盆地表现出显著的地球物理异常,其原因可能是该盆地存在厚的饱和沉积物。考虑到其他研究中并没有发现该区域有深部地幔异常,本文提出裂谷可能是上地幔小尺度对流的结果,并得出里奥格兰德裂谷处于盆岭区和大平原的最小边界处,也可能是板块俯冲的终点。     

废弃泥浆底部真空−上部堆载预压模型试验研究

针对工程泥浆回填废弃矿坑处置的安全问题,开展底部真空和上部堆载预压处理废弃工程泥浆的模型试验,探讨该技术在废弃矿坑回填处置工程应用的可行性。试验结果表明,底部真空和上部堆载预压使得泥浆含水率显著降低及泥土的强度明显提高,处理一个月后,含水率从初始450%降低至95%～105%,体积减量达到73.4%;不排水强度由初始为0的状态提高至9.8～13.4 kPa。在初始的静置阶段,泥浆颗粒沉积存在重力分异现象,粗颗粒在底部沉积有助于缓解真空预压过程中淤堵问题。底部真空作用下,泥浆中孔隙水渗流方向并非完全一维向下,在径向存在水力梯度。处理后泥土压缩性与软土相近,渗透性优于软土。基于试验结果和大应变固结理论,考虑泥浆的自重固结以及压缩性与渗透性的非线性变化,利用有限差分法分析了单次回填厚度对泥浆层固结时间和减量效果的影响,提出了现场实施的工艺参数建议。     

绥芬河基准站井下地震计观测性能分析

绥芬河基准站是黑龙江省地震烈度速报与预警工程新建基准站,配备GL-CS60B型井下地震计进行地震观测,为验证该地震计观测性能,以GL-CS60型地表地震计作为参考,进行方位角检验和标定计算,并对比分析2套地震计台基背景噪声水平,结果发现：井下地震计各项参数达到标准,其中方位角为164.349°。井下地震计抗干扰能力较强,尤其对于1—20 Hz频段的人为干扰压制作用明显,其台基背景噪声水平达Ⅰ级,观测数据质量更佳。     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄土塬地震采集技术进展

鄂尔多斯盆地南部黄土塬地区油气资源丰富,但是受表层复杂黄土地质地貌影响,一度被认为是地震勘探的"禁区".经过几十年来地球物理学者对黄土塬采集方法不断的理论创新与实践验证,已经具备了一套成熟的、适合于黄土塬的地震勘探技术.本文主要是对鄂尔多斯盆地黄土塬目前比较成熟的地震采集技术现状进行介绍,包括:经过多年的实践,已经形成一套成熟的表层结构调查方法开展表层结构精细调查,来指导地震波的逐点激发因素设计;为了确保激发子波的能量和频带,通过"多井组合、基于岩性、含水性"的逐点井深设计;提出的黄土塬沟中弯线法、山地多线法、蛛网状三维、滚动非纵和三维等一系列的高效益、低成本地震观测系统,解决了黄土塬地震勘探的诸多难点问题.最后,对未来黄土塬地震采集技术的发展趋势进行展望.     

黄海夏季典型站位的底边界层动物

2002年8月25~26日,在黄海夏季冷水团区域内的抛锚站位(35°22′N,121°59′E),使用柱状界面采样器进行了昼夜连续取样,对底边界层动物的种类组成与昼夜丰度变化进行了研究,以获得对黄海底边界层动物的初步认识。共记录底边界层动物21种,隶属18科、19属。超底栖动物和中型浮游动物是黄海夏季底边界层动物的2个重要类群,主要种类有尖额真猛水蚤(Euterpina acutifrons)、挪威小毛猛水蚤(Microsetella norvegica)、异厚盖钩虾(Synchelidium miraculum)、双刺纺缍水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus),其丰度皆有明显的昼夜波动现象。以桡足类无节幼体为代表的小型浮游动物也是底边界层动物中不容忽视的类群之一。采集到5个黄海区的新记录物种:美丽猛水蚤(Nitocrasp.)、跛足猛水蚤(Mesochrasp.)、咸水剑水蚤(Halicyclopssp.)、掌刺梭剑水蚤(Lubbockia squillimana)和异厚盖钩虾(Synchelidi-um miraculum),显示出底边界层动物种类组成的特殊性。     

紫外辐射对鱼类及水生无脊椎动物影响的研究进展

全球性的气候变化严重地威胁着自然生态环境间的平衡。在影响生态系统功能的诸多因素中,太阳紫外辐射的增强逐渐成为最受关注的全球性环境问题之一。太阳紫外辐射对地球生物的生命过程有着举足轻重的影响。生物体一旦吸收了高能量的紫外辐射,则可对其各种生理过程产生影响,打破内稳态,尤其是紫外辐射对DNA的损伤作用,是诱导一系列生物效应的主要原因。本文综述了近年来与鱼类及水生无脊椎动物有关的紫外辐射研究。从紫外辐射对生物不同发育时期的影响、生物对紫外线响应方式、紫外辐射与其他因素复合影响三个层面进行总结。通过总结紫外辐射对鱼类及水生无脊椎动物的影响,可为预测紫外辐射在水生生态系统中的作用提供助力,为海洋生物对环境变化的生理响应研究提供参考。     

Succession and seasonal variation in epilithic biofilms on artificial reefs in culture waters of the sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

Periphytic biofilms in aquaculture waters are thought to improve water quality, provide an additional food source, and improve the survival and growth of some reared animals. In the Asia- Pacific region, particularly in China, artificial reefs are commonly used in the commercial farming of sea cucumbers. However, few studies have examined the epilithic biofilms on the artificial reefs. To gain a better understanding of the succession of epilithic biofilms and their ecological processes in sea cucumber culture waters, two experiments were conducted in culture waters of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in Rongcheng, China, using artificial test panels. On the test panels of succession experiment, more than 67 species were identified in the biofilms. On the test panels of seasonal variation experiment, more than 46 species were recorded in the biofilms. In both experiments, communities of epilithic biofilms were dominated by diatoms, green algae and the annelid Spirorbis sp. In the initial colonization, the dominant diatoms were Cocconeis sp., Amphora spp. and Nitzschia closterium in June, which were succeeded by species of Navicula, Cocconeis and Nitzschia (July to September), and then by Licmophora abbreviata, Nitzschia closterium and Synedra spp. in the following months. A diatom bloom in the autumn and filamentous green algae burst in the summer were also observed. Ecological indices well annotated the succession and seasonal changes in epilithic communities. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis found significant differences in diatom community composition among months and seasons. Fast growth of biofilms was observed in the summer and autumn, whereas the biomass of summer biofilms was largely made up of filamentous green algae. Present results show that the components of epilithic biofilms are mostly optimal foods of A. japonicus, suggesting that biofilms on artificial reefs may contribute important nutritional sources for sea cucumbers during their growth seasons. Future works should include quantitative determination of the contribution of epilithic biofilms to the diet of A. japonicus, potential roles of epilithic biofilms in regulating the water quality of sea cucumber ponds, and the regulation of epilithic biofilms in sea cucumber culture ponds.     

北阿尔金地区古元古代岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

北阿尔金是塔里木克拉通变质基底的主要出露区之一。对该区具有侵入接触关系的正长花岗岩和花岗片麻岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年研究。正长花岗岩中的锆石多呈椭圆状,具有振荡环带结构,部分颗粒中可见老锆石残核,Th/U值较高,亏损轻稀土元素,富集重稀土元素,具有负Eu异常和正Ce异常的特点,表明该组锆石为岩浆成因。定年结果获得1903±13Ma和2506±55Ma两组年龄加权平均值,前者代表岩体的结晶年龄,后者为捕获锆石年龄,结合区域年代学资料,认为正长花岗岩岩浆侵入过程中可能捕获了太古宇米兰群的古老基底锆石。花岗片麻岩中16个测点的锆石~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄集中于1802±28Ma,代表了岩体侵位时代,其余5个测点的锆石~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄为1911~1951Ma,说明岩浆侵位过程中捕获了部分正长花岗岩的物质。区域地质与同位素年代学研究表明,北阿尔金地区广泛存在2.0~1.8Ga的构造-热事件。获得的花岗质岩石的1.9~1.8Ga的年龄结果,直接证实了北阿尔金存在约1.9Ga的岩浆作用,可能为古元古代Columbia超大陆汇聚事件在该地区的响应,为探讨塔里木板块前寒武纪构造-热事件演化历史提供了新资料。古元古代末期约1.8Ga的花岗片麻岩,代表了后造山伸展阶段的岩浆活动。     

TRMM降水数据的空间降尺度方法研究

以天山中段为研究区,以降水与高程（DEM）、植被指数（NDVI）、坡向（Aspect）、经纬度与之间存在的相关关系为基础,构建了TRMM卫星3B43降水数据与NDVI、DEM和坡向等相关因子的回归模型,对TsHARP统计降尺度算法引入DEM和局部Moran指数进行改进,得到2001~2006年研究区的250 m高分辨率降水空间分布数据。最后利用研究区气象站点降水数据对降尺度结果进行验证,得出降尺度的结果和实测值的误差明显小于原始降水数据和实测值的误差,年均降水最大改善程度是70 mm,因此构建的降尺度方法是合理可行的,可用于山区降水数据的降尺度研究。