高能的狂欢——TeV天体物理学

90世纪70年代初,美国亚利桑那州惠普（whipple）天文台的10米大气成像切伦科夫望远镜（图1）第一次探测到了来自蟹状星云曲TeV光子。十多年后,同一设备又队更高的置信度确认了之前的发现,由此宣告了TeV天体物理学的诞生。40年过去了,这一领域依旧朝气蓬勃,新的望远镜陆续藩成,新的辐射源依次浮出水面,天空在电磁渡落最矗姥段的面目也逐渐晨亍任了世人眼前。     

流浪行星的故事

行星应该环绕恒星运转,这是天文学上再简单不过的常识。从天体演化的角度看,现在也一般认为是先形成中央的恒星,然后星周盘的物质再凝聚成行星,因此这条常识也是很自然的推论。在这样的背景下,无依无靠、没有主恒星的流浪行星乍看之下就显得很古怪了。     

岷县、漳县6.6级地震的预测过程回顾

After the Ms6.6 earthquake occurred in the border region between Min and Zhang counties of Gansu Province on July 22, 2013, we preliminarily estimated the earthquake sequence to be a main shock-aftershock type based on the history of moderate-strong earthquake sequences in this area. As time went on, there were more aftershock events. These could be used for further analysis, and then for further decision on the earthquake sequence type. Finally, we determined the Ms6.6 earthquake sequence that occurred in the border region between Min and Zhang counties, Gansu Province as having been a main shock-aftershock type, with the largest Ms5.6 aftershock having occurred on the same day as the main Ms6.6 shock, from a comprehensive analysis of the historical characteristics of moderatety strong earthquakes of the earthquake zone, and the space-time evolution characteristics and parameters of the earthquake sequence. These provided a correct basis for anti- earthquake relief work and played an important role in mitigating the earthquake disaster and stabilizing the disturbed soci- ety after the earthquake in the earthquake zone and its neighboring areas. Reviewing the forecasting process and the re- sults, we found that we had successfully predicted the Ms6.6 earthquake that occurred in the border region between Min and Zhang counties on July 22, 2013 several years before it occurred. The magnitude and location of the earthquake had been predicted accurately, and the accuracy of the prediction was much higher than any other example in Chinese earth- quake prediction history. Forecasting on a monthly scale, we had indicated at the monthly meeting on earthquake prediction at the end of February, 2013 that there would be a risk of a moderately strong earthquake in Gansu Province from the change in moderately strong earthquake activity on the Chinese mainland. Even for short and impending earthquake prediction from several days to several dozens of days, we had proposed the likelihood of a moderate-strong earthquake happening in Gansu Province and the adjacent areas from the results of previous studies and the cases of earthquakes with MI ≥ 4.0 from the time before the Ms6.6 earthquake occurred. In a meeting about earthquake prediction held several days before the occurrence of the Ms6.6 event, we made the prediction that there would be an earthquake of M≥ 5.0 happening somewhere in Gansu Province and the surrounding area within dozens of days. The fact we had successfully predicted the Ms6.6 earth-quake on a several-year scale, as well as over a short time period to some extent, reinforces our belief that earthquakes can be forecast. Even with our present level of understanding, we can still capture some information on the gestation and occurrence of earthquakes before the arrival of a disaster. However, in order to achieve the goal of earthquake prediction in China, earthquake scientists still need to make arduous efforts. As long as earthquake scientists use the correct approach, and government supplies the necessary manpower and material resources to predict earthquakes, we believe that there will be a hope to achieve the aim of earthquake prediction with a relief effect. It is promising that we have achieved at least one or two earthquake forecasts.     

基于LO范数最小化的地球物理数据稀疏重构(英文)

在实际的地球物理数据采集工作中,会因为多方面的客观原因导致数据缺失,对缺失数据进行插值重构是地球物理数据处理和解释的基础问题。基于地球物理数据自身或在变换域内的稀疏性,将地球物理数据的重构转化为稀疏优化问题可提高数据重构的精确度与稳定性。本文建立了LO范数最小化的地球物理数据稀疏重构模型,针对不同规模、不同特征的地球物理数据引入了两种不同类型的LO范数最小优化问题的近似求解算法,即基于LO范数最小化的迭代再加权最小二乘算法与具有快速收敛性的快速迭代硬阈值法。理论分析与数值试验表明,将迭代再加权最小二乘算法应用到位场数据重构中可发挥其收敛速度快,计算时间短,精度高的优势,而快速迭代硬阈值法更适合处理地震数据,相对于传统的迭代硬阈值法计算效率有了很大的提高。     

深软场地上考虑土-结构相互作用的斜拉桥被动控制分析

结合某一工程,采用软土粘塑性动力本构模型,在合理模拟深软场地非线性基础上讨论土-结构动力相互作用对斜拉桥被动控制效果的影响.利用软件ABAQUS建立了深软场地-桩基-斜拉桥三维有限元模型,作为对比,建立了深软场地上不考虑土-结构动力相互作用的常规刚性地基模型,通过时程分析法计算斜拉桥地震反应.计算结果表明:深软场地上考虑土-结构动力相互作用后,斜拉桥被动控制效果下降;在刚性地基上取得良好减震效果的被动控制手段若照搬至柔性地基上,可能不仅减震效果不好,还会给桥梁结构增加内力负担.     

基于数据挖掘的东北华北MS≥5.0地震活动参数综合指标分析

根据地震活动参数的数据特征,以2013年内蒙古科尔沁M_S5.3地震为例,引入主成分分析和因子分析两种数据挖掘方法,在信息损失尽可能少的条件下,实现对参数变量的约简降维,并提取综合指标W.研究显示,2013年科尔沁M_S5.3地震前两年,W值变化显著.在进一步的单因子分析中,从综合后的参数变量信息中重新提取了具有物理意义的多个单因子综合指标,消除了大量信息重叠所造成的不一致,实现了对综合指标的细化分析.在此基础上,对东北华北29次M_S≥5.0地震的11个地震活动参数(频次N,b值,η值,A(b)值,M_f值,AC值,C值,D值,E值,R_m值,响应比Y)进行主成分分析,其结果显示,主成分综合指标W在震前1-2年均出现了明显的异常变化,这充分说明综合指标W可以用作地震预报研究的综合异常参考判据.      

营口—海城地区震群的震源机制一致性特征

采用P波初动方法计算1999年以来营口—海城地区5次震群序列的中小地震震源机制解,并定义震源机制一致性参数θ为中小地震震源机制解3个正交的应力主轴与华北地区构造应力场3个应力主轴在三维空间的夹角之和。计算结果显示:营口—海城地区震群中较大地震发生前10天~2个月,θ都有一个持续低值的过程;1999年岫岩前震序列的θ变化幅度在20°~30°之间,且大部分小于65°。相比用震源机制P轴取向趋于一致来判定震源区应力状态,θ更有其优越性。     

多重网格准线性近似技术在三维航空电磁正演模拟中的应用

系数矩阵存储和线性方程组求解是限制三维电磁积分方程方法发展的主要因素。Zhdanov提出准线性（QL）近似技术,建立了复杂散射场与背景场的线性关系,有效地避免了积分方程中大型线性方程组的求解,但是该算法用于多源问题航空电磁正演模拟时精度不高。因此,本文提出一种基于多重网格准线性（MGQL）近似的算法,并利用系数矩阵的Toeplitz性质存储矩阵和快速傅里叶变换,实现了矩阵与向量的快速乘积、降低了计算复杂度,采用多重网格结合了积分方程方法和准线性近似解法的优点,在保证精度的条件下提高计算速度、减少存储量。针对不同类型网格的模拟实验表明,相比于传统积分方程方法,本文算法在保证计算精度的同时,可以将计算速度极大地提高（>10倍）。     

开鲁盆地东北部钱家店凹陷晚白垩世姚家组孢粉组合及其古气候意义

对于开鲁盆地姚家组孢粉学的研究不仅丰富了该地区晚白垩世孢粉学资料,而且为该地区晚白垩世地层划分与对比提供了依据.通过对开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷钻孔QIV-48-61深315~447 m井段的岩心做了详细采样、描述,并进行了孢粉化石的处理、鉴定和分析,在其中的10个层位中发现了丰富的孢粉化石,共计73属88种,并建立了3个孢粉组合,自下而上依次为Schizaeoisporites-Cyathidites-Tricolpopollenites,Schizaeoisporites-Classopollis-Taxodiaceaepollenites和Schizaeoisporites-Exesipollenties-Tricolpopollenites,根据孢粉组合内一些重要分子的地质时限及与外区有关孢粉组合的对比,将其时代划归为晚白垩世Coniacian晚期-Santonian早期,其层位相当于姚家组.根据孢粉母体植物形态和生态特征、干湿度环境和气候环境,将其孢粉植物群反映的植被、干湿度和气候带划分为3个演化阶段:第1演化阶段(405.9~413.2 m)沉积时期植被面貌大体为针叶林与草本共生,对应于湿润、半湿润的热带-亚热带气候;第2演化阶段(389.7~405.9 m)植被面貌演化为以高大乔木型针叶树种占优势地位,并出现一次明显的干旱化事件,对应于半干旱的热带-亚热带气候;第3演化阶段(336.0~389.7 m)植被面貌与第1阶段相似,为针叶林与草本共生,干旱化有所缓解,对应于半湿润-半干旱的热带-亚热带气候.      

西天山阿吾拉勒火山岩型铁矿带东段成矿地质背景与成矿机理

备战、敦德、智博、查岗诺尔铁矿分布于阿吾拉勒火山岩型铁矿带东段的大哈拉军山组火山岩中,各个矿区基性、中性和酸性火山岩兼而有之,但所占比例不尽相同。矿区的火山岩以钾玄岩系列、高钾钙碱性系列、钙碱性系列岩石为主,也有少量拉斑系列岩石出露。岩石相对富集轻稀土元素,相对富集大离子亲石元素而亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素。显示出岛弧或活动陆缘环境火山岩的固有特征。研究认为该地区铁矿床为矿浆-火山热液复合成因型铁矿床,其形成受岩浆-热液系统活动的制约,具体成矿作用包括氧化物熔离成矿、隐爆-贯入成矿、分离结晶+岩浆流动成矿和热液交代四种类型。矿床的控矿因素与成矿条件包括:(1)活动大陆边缘型火山岩组合与伸展构造环境;(2)基性和中性火山熔浆多次喷溢和堆积部位;(3)含矿母岩浆的强烈分异演化导致氧化物熔离,而分离结晶和岩浆流动则促使富集矿体形成;(4)岩浆热液对流循环并萃取围岩铁质,是形成热液期矿石的基本机制;(5)火山机构及其伴生裂隙是含矿岩浆活动的有利空间并为成矿物质的聚集提供物理化学条件,是铁矿体主要控矿因素和赋矿部位。铁矿床与火山作用关系极为密切,火山熔浆与火山热液反复多次活动导致了成矿作用的多期多阶段性。