多流域降雨和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀影响的比较分析——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例（英文）

Soil erosion has become a major global environmental problem and is particularly acute on the Loess Plateau(LP), China. It is therefore highly important to control this process in order to improve ecosystems, protect ecological security, and maintain the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. We compared the effects of rainfall and land use(LU) patterns on soil erosion in different LP watersheds in this study in order to augment and improve soil erosion models. As most research on this theme has so far been focused on individual study areas, limited analyses of rainfall and LU patterns on soil erosion within different-scale watersheds has so far been performed, a discrepancy which might influence the simulation accuracies of soil erosion models. We therefore developed rainfall and LU pattern indices in this study using the soil erosion evaluation index as a reference and applied them to predict the extent of this process in different-scale watersheds, an approach which is likely to play a crucial role in enabling the comprehensive management of this phenomenon as well as the optimized design of LU patterns. The areas considered in this study included the Qingjian, Fenchuan, Yanhe, and Dali river watersheds. Results showed that the rainfall erosivity factor(R) tended to increase in these areas from 2006 to 2012, while the vegetation cover and management factor(C) tended to decrease. Results showed that as watershed area increased, the effect of rainfall pattern on soil erosion gradually decreased while patterns in LU trended in the opposite direction, as the relative proportion of woodland decreased and the different forms of steep slope vegetation cover became more homogenous. As watershed area increased, loose soil and craggy terrain properties led to additional gravitational erosion and enhanced the effects of both soil and topography.     

台湾海峡游泳动物群落的空间结构及其季节变化

The Taiwan Strait is a transition zone between the East China Sea and the South China Sea with unique hydrology and a geographical environment that creates special marine community features.To analyze the spatial structure and seasonal changes of the nekton assemblages in the Taiwan Strait,seasonal experimental trawl surveys were conducted during 2006–2007.The results showed that there were two assemblages in the area with different sets of species,and the average similarity within each group varies between 39.38% and 74.20%.By using multivariate statistical analysis and analyzing the distribution of dominant species,we found that the structures of the assemblages had obvious seasonal variation.The middle region from the Putian transect to the Xiamen transect could be considered a mixing area for the two assemblages.The analysis of the relationship between species assemblages and environmental factors indicated that temperature was the most important factor affecting the community structure in cold seasons,and 22.5°C and 17°C could be considered dividing lines for spring and winter,respectively.In warm seasons,the most important factor was water depth,but the relationship with depth was not as significant,with a correlation between 0.264 and 0.399.The seasonal changes of nekton assemblages basically reflected the dynamic currents in the Taiwan Strait.The south coastal assemblage extended to nearly the entire area of the Taiwan Strait along with a strong and intense warm current that shrinks in spring and winter when the southward intrusion of the cold Zhejiang-Fujian coastal current becomes stronger.The impact of shortterm and long-term environmental changes,such as extreme weather,global warming and human activity on nekton assemblages,had been recognized but need further research.Our study on nekton assemblages could be used as a baseline for measuring future changes.     

无穷域问题的弱形式求积元分析

岩土工程中经常会遇到无穷域问题,而采用无限单元可以实现对其有效地模拟。弱形式求积元法是一个有效的数值工具,它常通过提高积分阶次来提高计算精度。建立了无限弱形式求积单元并被应用于求解岩土工程中的无穷域问题,该单元基于坐标映射,将无穷域变换到标准域,在标准域上进行数值积分和数值微分,保留了传统弱形式求积元的积分点坐标和权系数。求解了瞬态渗流、固结和静力分析等数值算例,并与解析解或截断方法进行了对比。结果表明:基于坐标映射的无限弱形式求积单元使用简单,可以模拟各种类型的无穷域问题,仅需要将感兴趣的范围进行有限域划分并通过提高积分阶次来减小对极点位置的依赖,极大地节省了计算资源,提高了计算精度。     

四川盆地东部下寒武统龙王庙组碳、氧同位素组成及古环境意义

在野外沉积特征研究、室内薄片观察的基础上,对四川盆地东部龙王庙组22个碳酸盐岩样品的碳、氧同位素进行测试,在充分论证样品的有效性后,分析研究区龙王庙组碳、氧同位素特征,进而探讨龙王庙组沉积期的古气候及古海洋环境。样品实验数据显示δ13C值分布在-1.533‰~2.619‰,平均为0.046‰;δ18O值分布在-9.916‰~-3.580‰,平均为-7.746‰;碳、氧同位素整体变化趋势与扬子地台其他区域基本相同。古海洋环境恢复表明,龙王庙组沉积期四川盆地东部整体处于海相环境,海水盐度呈先降低、后增高、复又降低的多段式变化;海水温度主要分布在20~30℃,属于温暖或炎热的亚热带气候;在海平面缓慢波动性下降、陆架暴露、生物灭绝的沉积环境影响下,龙王庙组δ13C值具有负漂移的演化趋势。龙王庙组沉积中期的水体深度最浅,古盐度最高,是白云岩最为有利的发育阶段。     

地质条件下湖相烃源岩生排烃效率与模式

烃源岩排烃研究是油气地球化学研究中最薄弱的环节,而排烃效率又是准确评价常规油气与非常规页岩油气资源的关键参数。目前对于烃源岩排烃效率的认识差异很大,尚未建立完整的各种类型有机质湖相烃源岩在地质条件下生排烃效率与模式。本文以中国渤海湾、松辽等4个大型湖相含油气盆地以及酒泉青西凹陷、泌阳凹陷等9个中小型湖相富油盆地/断陷为对象,通过15000余个湖相烃源岩样品在自然热演化过程中热解生烃潜力指数的变化研究,揭示了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃特征,构建了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃效率与模型。无论是大型湖相沉积盆地还是中小型断陷盆地,甚至是盐湖相沉积盆地,烃源岩生排烃特征基本一致。随着成熟度的增高,湖相烃源岩排烃效率逐渐增高,在低成熟阶段排烃效率较低,在成熟与高成熟阶段具有高或很高的排烃效率。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型有机质类型烃源岩排烃模式相似,相对排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于45%,成熟生油高峰时达85%~90%,至生油窗下限时达90%以上;累积排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于10%,生油高峰时达50%~60%,生油窗下限时达75%~85%,主要的排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.7%~1.2%之间,生油窗阶段生成并排出了绝大部分烃类。湖相Ⅲ型有机质烃源岩排烃效率明显低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型有机质烃源岩,生油窗阶段累积排烃效率仅为50%左右,主要生排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.8%~2.0%之间。控制湖相烃源岩排烃量和排烃效率的主要因素是有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,而盆地类型、断裂发育程度、烃源岩沉积环境、相邻输导层孔渗条件等因素均不影响烃源岩排烃与排烃效率。     

安徽铜陵姚家岭锌金多金属矿床成岩成矿年代学研究

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床位于铜陵断隆区与繁昌断凹区的过渡部位,是长江中下游成矿带新近发现的大型锌金多金属矿床,也是铜陵矿集区中迄今发现的首例大型锌金多金属矿床。在详细野外地质工作及室内研究的基础上,对姚家岭矿床花岗闪长斑岩体开展了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年工作,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为141.4±1.7Ma(MSWD=0.78,n=19),代表成岩年龄;选取了该矿床金属矿物辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素测年,获得模式年龄范围为141.2±2.1Ma~141.6±2.7Ma,平均年龄为141.4±2.4Ma,可代表热液成矿作用的时代,与成岩年龄一致。姚家岭锌金多金属矿床为早白垩世早期岩浆热液作用形成的,是铜陵断隆区燕山期大规模成矿作用的产物,铜陵断隆区具有进一步寻找锌金矿床的有利前景。     

矿物晶体标本收藏

正各种矿物晶体是由天然地质作用形成的,其色彩丰富、形态多样、独一无二,即是科学研究和科普教育的标本,又是巧夺天工、魅力无穷的艺术珍品。由于生长要求的条件较高和传统开采方法的破坏,精美的矿物标本十分罕见,因而具有极高的研究和收藏价值。1西方国家矿物晶体收藏概况西方国家对矿物晶体的鉴赏和收藏有着悠久的历史,爱好者和收藏者众多,也有许多专门经销矿物     

苍梧县砂糖桔种植气候区划

为了给苍梧县砂糖桔生产提供趋利避害和优化布局的科学决策依据.对苍梧县砂糖桔生产的气象条件进行分析,找出影响低温冷害的4个气候关键因子,采用国家基础地理信息中心提供的1：5万广西基础地理背景数据,通过归一化方法和加权综合评价法分析,利用地理信息系统（GIS）绘制出苍梧县砂糖桔低温冷害风险区划专题图.区划图明确分出苍梧县低温冷害的低风险区、次低风险区、中等风险区、次高风险区和高风险区.在此基础上,针对各风险区域进行了分析与评述,提出了防御低温冷害的相应对策.