现代构造应力场对区域断裂类型及其活动方式的影响

通过对四川地区近百次地震震源机制结果的分析,研究了现代构造应力场对区域断裂类型及其活动方式的作用和影响。结果表明,四川地区强震的发震机制与区域断裂类型及其活动方式有着十分密切的联系。     

井下动力钻具微钻试验装置设计研究

井下动力钻具微钻试验装置是为研制新型动力钻具提供试验条件的关键装备,该装备用于原理样机的试验测试,可降低试验成本并缩短研发周期,试验测试结果可为全尺寸物理样机的制造提供参考。本文依据井下动力钻具的工作特点和钻具试验装置测试原理,设计了一套井下动力钻具微钻试验装置,该试验装置区别于常规和传统的微钻实验台,其采用数控闭环控制钻井液动力循环和钻压,实现了水力驱动与钻压给进的精确控制,并验证了井下动力钻具微钻试验装置的可行性,为水力驱动的钻具样机试验研究提供了平台。     

Reconstruction of vertical thermal structure from several subsurface temperatures in the China Seas and adjacent waters

Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is used in this study to generate main eigenvector fields of historical temperature for the China Seas (here referring to Chinese marine territories) and adjacent waters from 1930 to 2002 (510 143 profiles). A good temperature profile is reconstructed based on several subsurface in situ temperature observations and the thermocline was estimated using the model. The results show that: 1) For the study area, the former four principal components can explain 95% of the overall variance, and the vertical distribution of temperature is most stable using the in situ temperature observations near the surface. 2) The model verifications based on the observed CTD data from the East China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the areas around Taiwan Island show that the reconstructed profiles have high correlation with the observed ones with the confidence level >95%, especially to describe the characteristics of the thermocline well. The average errors between the reconstructed and observed profiles in these three areas are 0.69°C, 0.52°C and 1.18°C respectively. It also shows the model RMS error is less than or close to the climatological error. The statistical model can be used to well estimate the temperature profile vertical structure. 3) Comparing the thermocline characteristics between the reconstructed and observed profiles, the results in the ECS show that the average absolute errors are 1.5m, 1.4 m and 0.17°C/m, and the average relative errors are 24.7%, 8.9% and 22.6% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. Although the relative errors are obvious, the absolute error is small. In the SCS, the average absolute errors are 4.1 m, 27.7 m and 0.007°C/m, and the average relative errors are 16.1%, 16.8% and 9.5% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. The average relative errors are all <20%. Although the average absolute error of the lower thermocline boundary is considerable, but contrast to the spatial scale of average depth of the lower thermocline boundary (165 m), the average relative error is small (16.8%). Therefore the model can be used to well estimate the thermocline. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX-3W-222; KZCX2-YW-Q11-02) and National Basic Research Program of China (No.2007CB411802; 2006CB403601)     

泥石流危险度野外快速评价方法探讨

文章系统地总结和分析了当前比较常用的泥石流危险度评价的研究方法,指出现行泥石流危险度评价中评价因子的提取往往需要详细野外勘查,工作量大、费用高,不便于对众多泥石流沟的普查;并提出一种在现场踏勘基础上,基于泥石流规模、频率和承灾体特征的快速便捷的新方法——泥石流危险度野外快速评价,并结合其他方法进行了实例对比验证。结果表明：泥石流危险度野外快速评价结果可靠,可作为快速评价泥石流危险性的新方法进行推广应用。     

军曹鱼对饲料中铜需要量的研究

以初始体重(9.92±0.47)g的军曹鱼幼鱼为实验对象,以硫酸铜(CuSO4.5H2O)和蛋氨酸铜(CuMet)为铜源,在酪蛋白和白鱼粉为蛋白源的半精制饲料中分别添加0、4、8、16、32、64mg铜/kg干饲料,配制11种不同铜水平的实验饲料(3.3～57.4mg/kg),研究军曹鱼幼鱼(Rachycentron canadum)对饲料中铜的最适需要量。结果表明:没有添加铜的饲料组军曹鱼存活率最低,军曹鱼增重率(WGR)和饲料效率(FE)均随饲料铜含量的增加而增大(P<0.05)。用折线模型进行回归分析,分别以硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜为铜源,以增重率为评价指标时,饲料中铜的最适添加量分别为11.5和8.3mg/kg;以饲料效率为评价指标时,饲料中铜的最适添加量分别为11.9和8.2mg/kg。肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu,Zn-SOD)活性和鱼体的常规组成受饲料中铜含量的影响不显著;鱼体和骨骼中铜含量随着饲料中铜含量的增加而升高,肌肉和血浆中铜含量不受饲料中铜含量的影响。综合以上实验结果,军曹鱼对饲料中铜的最适需要量分别为11.5～11.9mg/kg(硫酸铜)和8.2～8.3mg/kg(蛋氨酸铜),对蛋氨酸铜的生物利用率相当于硫酸铜的1.5～1.8倍。     

LAMOST子镜镀膜研究进展

对大口径光学/红外天文望远镜而言,为保障其稳定高效运行,镜面镀膜是重要的维护环节之一.镀膜质量的好坏直接影响镜面光学反射率的高低,也严重影响到天文望远镜的成像质量、观测效率.国家重大科技基础设施—大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜(Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, LAMOST,又名郭守敬望远镜)自2009年6月通过国家竣工验收并逐步投入巡天观测,目前已进入第2个5 yr巡天计划阶段,取得近两千万的光谱产出和大批高显示度的科学成果. LAMOST共拥有24块施密特改正镜子镜和37块球面主镜子镜,为了确保在野外恶劣观测环境下镜面反射率维持在较高水平,每年要对大批子镜进行镀膜.主要介绍了镀膜需求、镀膜设备,并基于大量实验和多年的完善探索出一套可行的镀膜工艺流程,确保了LAMOST子镜极高的镀膜质量.镀膜后子镜平均反射率高达90%以上,满足了LAMOST光谱巡天的镜面反射率要求.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖凹陷三叠系百口泉组砂砾岩储层孔隙结构及渗流特征

玛湖凹陷斜坡区三叠系百口泉组属于致密砂砾岩储层,为讨论该套储层的孔隙结构类型及其与含油性的关系,利用铸体薄片、高压压汞、核磁共振、可视化水驱油等实验方法对研究区内岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征、渗流特征及含油性方面进行研究。结果表明：砂砾岩储层孔隙类型可分为剩余粒间孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔及微裂缝;孔隙喉道类型主要为片状和点状吼道,以及管束状吼道等;综合两者关系由好到差将研究层段的孔隙结构划分为4类,随着孔隙结构的由好变差其含油性逐渐变差,渗流能力也对应变差。     

北极冰间水道区域的物理过程和遥感观测研究进展

冰间水道是海冰区在风力和洋流作用下形成的线状断裂带。总结了冰间水道区域海洋—海冰—大气相互作用的物理机制和水道遥感的研究现状。冰间水道是极区海洋与大气间水热交换的重要窗口,是冬季产冰析盐和夏季融冰产生淡水的重要场所,也是极区动物赖以生存的栖息地和迁徙通道。利用水道与浮冰之间在反照率、表面温度、发射率和粗糙度等性质上的差异,可通过光学、红外和微波等多种遥感手段来识别和提取水道。随着北极海冰厚度的减小和季节性衰退的提前,波弗特海的水道宽度、面积和出现频率均呈现增加的态势。在北极海冰不断减少的态势下,未来需要结合现场和遥感观测重新评估水道表面能量收支及其对区域能量平衡的贡献,更准确地认识其在北极气候变暖放大效应中的作用。     

2013-2014年夏季南极普里兹湾海面反照率走航观测研究

在 2013—2014年南半球夏季时对南极普里兹湾海区的反照率进行了走航观测。利用安装于破冰船船头的高光谱辐照度计测量入射和反射的350—920 nm的太阳短波辐射, 基于此观测数据, 经计算得到了反照率。分析比较不同下垫面的反照率, 通过比较不同航段的观测结果, 得到了反照率的空间变化以及从海冰融化期至冻结初期的变化。不同下垫面的反照率差异较大, 有积雪覆盖的固定冰反照率最大, 有积雪覆盖的浮冰其次, 而积雪融化的浮冰则反照率有所降低。新冰的反照率较低, 有积雪覆盖的新冰反照率迅速增加。比较不同波段的反照率, 发现融化期由于积雪含水量较大, 增加了对近红外辐射的吸收, 降低了该波段的反照率。结合卫星遥感(AMSR-2)和人工观测的海冰密集度, 发现区域平均的反照率主要取决于海冰密集度, 然而也受下垫面物理特征影响, 例如2月底至3月初形成的新冰, 反照率只有老冰的1/3— 1/2。新冰形成, 会直接增加海冰密集度, 但由于其反照率较低, 对空间平均反照率的贡献较小。因此, 若要建立合理的冰水混合区的反照率参数化方案, 必须充分考虑海冰类型和冰面积雪的物理状态, 并考虑反照率的波长依赖性。     

沼泽湿地生态储水量及生态需水量计算方法

As one of the most typical wetlands, marsh plays an important role in hydrological and economic aspects, especially in keeping biological diversity. In this study, the definition and connotation of the ecological water storage of marsh is discussed for the first time, and its distinction and relationship with ecological water requirement are also analyzed. Furthermore, the gist and method of calculating ecological water storage and ecological water requirement have been provided, and Momoge wetland has been given as an example of calculation of the two variables. Ecological water use of marsh can be ascertained according to ecological water storage and ecological water requirement. For reasonably spatial and temporal varia-tion of water storage and rational water resources planning, the suitable quantity of water supply to marsh can be calculated according to the hydrological conditions, ecological de-mand and actual water resources.