一个三维水动力学模型及其在水环境中的适用性试验

发展了一个三维水动力学模型.该模型在水底磨擦项计算中,采用了流速的平方根法;在湍流扩散系数的估算中,采用了带稳定度函数的参数化方案;对垂直方向上的坐标进行了压缩,引入σ坐标;对时间变量则采用了分离模式技术,即外部模式(快过程)与内部模式(慢过程);而求解外部模式时,采用了显式一隐式格式交错法(ADI),从而使模型不仅计算时间缩短,且可应用于水很深而水平空间尺度很小,又有热力分层的水域中.最后作为该模型的一个实用性试验,选择了美国犹他州East Canyon水库,利用该模型探讨了温跃层对风、人流及出流变化的响应情况.     

苏皖地区大陆岩石圈地幔的长时性--地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的锇同位素模式年龄

中国(USTC)和法国(CRPG)两个实验室测定了苏皖地区地幔橄榄岩捕虏体全岩的锇同位素组成,结果187Os/188Os=0.119～0.129(USTC,n=25,n为样品数,下同)和0.117～0.131(CRPG,n=17).大部分样品的Os同位素组成(<0.1290)呈亏损特征,Os同位素组成与主量成分之间有线性相关性.用187Os/188Os-Al2O3代用等时线法获得的模式年龄为(2.5±0.1)Ga(USTC)和(1.9±0.1)Ga(CRPG),为晚太古代-早元古代.样品组中最低的187Os/188Os比值为0.119(USTC)和0.117(CRPG),相应的Re亏损模式年龄为1.1Ga(USTC)和1.4Ga(CRPG),为中元古代.锇同位素模式年龄表明苏皖地区新生代玄武岩中包含的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体具有古老的形成年龄(早元古-中元古代),它们是经过显生宙岩石圈地幔减薄作用后的残余地幔的碎片,而不是显生宙"置换作用"中产生的新生地幔.     

藏高原雪冰电导率与降水碱度以及大气粉尘载荷变化的关系

对青藏高原小冬克玛底冰川和古里雅冰帽上的数个雪坑和浅冰芯的观测,得出其碱度(OH-)剖面、雪坑和冰芯的液态电导率(EC)变化与OH-之间呈良好线性相关(r≥0.8).分析表明,无论在季节、年际或百年际时间尺度上,EC与OH-间的相关性以及EC与可溶离子总量(TDS)间的相关程度是大致相当的.EC的波动主要取决于粉尘来源的碱性盐类(尤其Ca2+)的变化.因此,EC参量运用到深冰芯研究中,可反映历史时期大气粉尘载荷的变化,对反演沙漠演化、大气环流有重要意义.古里雅冰芯记录表明,大气粉尘的中、长期变化可能取决于气候参量的组合特征"冷-干"气候阶段粉尘量上升,EC和OH-值高;"暖-湿"阶段粉尘量下降,EC和OH-值低.20世纪初以来,随着藏北高原气候呈现暖湿化趋势,大气粉尘载荷明显下降.因此,EC可作为显示大气尘埃载荷变化的宏观标尺,是气候波动的"指示器".     

Discovery of A-type Granite Zone and Its Geodynamic Significance in the Western Kunlun Mts., China

l. IntroductionGranite distributes widely in western KunlunMts. Many researches have been conducted byscientists (Wang Yuzhen et.al., l987; Zhang Yuquanet.al., l989, Fang Xilian et.al., I990, Jiang Chunfaet.al., 1992; Pan Yusheng, l992, Xu Ronghua et.al.,l 994; Jing Daogui et.al., l996, Zhang Yuquan et.al.,l998). But all of the researches have been donealong Sino-Pakistan road and Xinjiang-Tibet roadt"ith fOcus on isotopic dating of the intrusion andconducted a few on origin and tect…     

The Relative Impact of Regional Scale Land Cover Change and Increasing CO2 over China

A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR CCM3 (T42 resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change and increasing CO2 over China. Simulations with natural and current land cover at CO2 levels of 280,355, 430, and 505 ppmv were conducted. Results show statistically significant changes in major climate fields (e.g. temperature and surface wind speed) on a 15-yr average following land cover change. We also found increases in the maximum temperature and in the diurnal temperature range due to land cover change. Increases in CO2 affect both the maximum and minimum temperature so that changes in the diurnal range are small. Both land cover change and CO2 change also impact the frequency distribution of precipitation with increasing CO2 tending to lead to more intense precipitation and land cover change leading to less intense precipitation-indeed, the impact of land cover change typically had the opposite effect versus the impacts of CO2. Our results provide support for the inclusion of future land cover change scenarios in long-term transitory climate inodelling experiments of the 21st Century. Our results also support the inclusion of land surface models that can represent future land cover changes resulting from an ecological response to natural climate variability or increasing CO2. Overall, we show that land cover change can have a significant impact on the regional scale climate of China, and that regionally, this impact is of a similar magnitude to increases in CO2 of up to about 430 ppmv. This means that that the impact of land cover change must be accounted for in detection and attribution studies over China.     

同位素指示的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地下水补给来源

通过恢复巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边地区大气降水氚值，并结合区域稳定同位素组合特征，揭示了区域地下水氚年龄的多解性与地下水稳定同位素的温度效应。恢复的1963年核试验期氚高峰值达到2 100 TU，进入90年代平均为60 TU。1960年以来降水补给的地下水氚值都应大于15 TU，而1963年的高峰氚衰变至今应在200 TU左右。地下水实测氚值较低，表明由现代少量降水补给的地下水与大量的古水进行了混合。影响降水中δ18O和δ2H分布的主要影响因子是月平均空气温度，对δ18O与δ2H的影响权重分别占到59.9%和57.0%。巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边地区地下水较低的稳定同位素组成表明，其补给主要是晚更新世较冷环境下形成的，来源于东南部的雅布赖山区，部分浅层地下水接受现代降水与河流的补给。      

SPECIFIC DEGRADATION OF WATERSHEDS

An extensive database of reservoir sedimentation surveys throughout continental United States is compiled and analyzed to determine specific degradation SD relationships as function of mean annual rainfall R, drainage area A, and watershed slope S. The database contains 1463 field measurements and specific degradation relationships are defined as function of A, R and S. Weak trends and significant variability in the data are noticeable. Specific degradation measurements are log normally distributed with respect to R, A, and S and 95% confidence intervals are determined accordingly. The accuracy of the predictions does not significantly increase as more independent variables are added to the regression analyses.     

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.     

2004年苏门答腊-安达曼地震图小波分析及其在海啸早期预警中的应用

试图利用小波变换在地震图开始部分检测长周期成分。分析了2004年12月6日苏门答腊—安达曼M_w9.2级地震和2005年3月28日尼亚斯M_w8.7级地震的位移地震图。小波分析能够在S波到达台站前清楚地区分两次地震的长周期W震相的振幅。结果显示,2004年地震W震相的振幅明显更大。这一方法可以用于快速识别具有引发海啸可能的巨大地震。     

特大地震大小的快速估计法

将根据初至地震P波的宽带记录(即在宽频范围内的记录)得出的体波震级m_B重新引入国际地震实践中能更快地估计大地震的大小。国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会(IASPEI)震级测定工作组做出的这一建议以及与未来震级测量标准相关的其他建议于2005年10月2～8日在智利召开的IASPEI大会上被IASPEI地震观测与解释委员会采纳。