热带西太平洋表层暖水和次表层冷水的年际变异

对从亦道至19°N之间的137°E断面上持续18个冬季的温度、盐度、动力高度等一系列资料进行异常值的统计、分析,并利用傅里叶级数对所研究的参数作谱估计,初步揭示了西太平洋海域表层暖水和次表层冷水年际变异的重要特点和规律。     

Comparison of products from ERA-40, NCEP-2, and CRU with station data for summer precipitation over China

Summer precipitation products from the 45-Year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA-40), and NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) Reanalysis (NCEP-2), and Climatic Research Unit (CRU) TS 2.1 dataset are compared with the corresponding observations over China in order to understand the quality and utility of the reanalysis datasets for the period 1979–2001. The results reveal that although the magnitude and location of the rainfall belts differ among the reanalysis, CRU, and station data over South and West China, the spatial distributions show good agreement over most areas of China. In comparison with the observations in most areas of China, CRU best matches the observed summer precipitation, while ERA-40 reports less precipitation and NCEP-2 reports more precipitation than the observations. With regard to the amplitude of the interannual variations, CRU is better than either of the reanalyses in representing the corresponding observations. The amplitude in NCEP-2 is stronger but that of ERA-40 is weaker than the observations in most study domains. NCEP-2 has a more obvious interannual variability than ERA-40 or CRU in most areas of East China. Through an Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, the main features of the rainfall belts produced by CRU agree better with the observations than with those produced by the reanalyses in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley. In East of China, particularly in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley, CRU can reveal the quasi-biennial oscillation of summer precipitation represented by the observations, but the signal of ERA-40 is comparatively weak and not very obvious, whereas that of NCEP-2 is also weak before 1990 but very strong after 1990. The results also suggest that the magnitude of the precipitation difference between ERA-40 and the observations is smaller than that between NCEP-2 and the observations, but the variations represented by NCEP-2 are more reasonable than those given by ERA-40 in most areas of East China to some extent.     

七十年代全球地面气温的初步研究(二)——七十年代全球地面气温的变率和主要变率中心影响的传播

本文计算分析了七十年代全球地面气温变率的时空变化特征。发现全球有三个最大的变率中心:欧亚大陆中部、南极洲和赤道中东太平洋。它们的位置和强度有一定的季节变化。这些区域的温度变化与全球温度的异常有密切的联系,除了直接向周围一定区域扩展外,它们可能以三种主要方式向其它地区传播:(1)纬向温度距平波;(2)经向温度距平波;(3)“经向温度通道”。 因此可以认为,这些地区是全球气候变化的灵敏点,并可能成为异常气候的源地。我国特别是东北地区的温度异常与最大变率中心的温度变化有相当密切的联系。 有意思的是,这三个最大变率中心都位于地球大气的主要热汇区,下垫面热力状况可能是它们形成的一个重要原因。     

东北低温长期预报研究的进展

夏季低温是东北地区农业生产的主要灾害性天气气候现象。但直到七十年代中才逐渐引起重视。 解放以来,造成东北地区粮食产量明显减产的有5年,即:1954、1957、1969、1972、1976年。整个东北地区1972年粮豆减产126亿斤,1976年减产95亿斤。低温影响产量的程度和低温持续时间的长短、出现的时段及距平值大小有关。此外,当然还应当考虑降水、日照、作物品种、部局以及社会生产力等因     

中国北方干旱区地表湿润状况的趋势分析

利用 1 95 1～ 1 997年中国 1 6 0站月降水和平均气温资料 ,通过计算的地表湿润指数 Hi =PPe(P为观测的月降水总量 ,Pe为月最大潜在蒸发 ) ,对比分析了中国华北、西北两个典型干旱区区域平均地表湿润指数的年代年际变化特征及季节性差异 ,并讨论了它与降水和气温的联系。最后 ,给出了地表湿润指数年及各季节变化趋势的地理分布。研究表明 :西北西部和华北地区的年际及年代际变化趋势基本相反 ,前者地表为变湿趋势 ,后者为变干趋势。华北地区的干化趋势主要发生在夏秋季节 ,而西北除东部的秋季和西部的夏季外 ,其它季节均存在变湿趋势     

北半球副高带的长期变化(一)

一、前言 近两年我们就北半球副热带高压带(以下称副高带)长期变化的基本规律进行了分析。在这里介绍的是这一工作的初步结果。 绕球的北半球副高带是大气环流中的一个重要成员,它对于副热带及邻近地区的天气气候有十分明显的作用。在副高带盘据的大部分地区,是降水少、天气干热的干旱和半干旱区,世界上几个有名的大沙漠,如撒哈拉沙漠,中亚西亚沙漠等正是处于副热带区。由于海陆分布、地形等原因,北半球副高带常常分裂成几个单体,在对流层中部主要有太平洋高压、大西洋高压、北非高压等,其中太平洋高压对我国天气气候的影响尤为重要。所以以往对西太平洋副高的研究较多,而对整个副高带的分析却较少。 天气实践和大气环流理论研究表明,作为一个环     

区域气候模式侧边界的处理对东亚夏季风降水模拟的影响

在区域气候模式模拟中,侧边界的作用是引入大尺度强迫场。如何处理好侧边界,即大尺度强迫场和区域气候模式本身之间的关系问题,对于区域气候模式模拟和预报东亚夏季风降水具有重要意义。本文利用美国纽约州立大学Albany分校的区域气候模式（SUNYA-ReCM）,设计了两种不同的侧边界处理方法,来探讨侧边界对东亚夏季风降水模拟的影响。驱动区域模式的大尺度强迫场来自欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）及热带海洋大气研究计划（TOGA）的分析资料场。试验结果表明:（1）当模式的区域较大时,采用较小的侧边界缓冲区会在缓冲区与模式内部的交界处产生不连续;扩大缓冲区并且考虑不同尺度强迫在垂直方向上的不同作用,可以避免这一缺陷。（2）更重要的是采用后一种方案,即减少了区域气候模式在模拟大尺度环流场方面所起的作用,使得模式更多地依赖侧边界来得到更真实的、对东亚夏季风降水起重大影响的一些气流,如副高、西南季风和南海季风,对东亚夏季风降水无论是在大小上还是在雨带位置的演变上都能进行更好的模拟。     

A Diagnostic Analysis of Winter Atmospheric Circulation during the 1982-1983 ENSO Event

In this paper, the winter atmospheric circulation, the convection along the equator and their variations of 1982 and 1983 are investigated. It is suggested that there was a well organized three dimensional structure of anomalies of the atmospheric circulations during 1982 winter which may be related to the variations of the convection in the equatorial region.     

Statistical downscaling of summer temperature extremes in northern China

Two approaches of statistical downscaling were applied to indices of temperature extremes based on percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature observations at Beijing station in summer during 1960-2008. One was to downscale daily maximum and minimum temperatures by using EOF analysis and stepwise linear regression at first, then to calculate the indices of extremes; the other was to directly downscale the percentile-based indices by using seasonal large-scale temperature and geo-potential height records. The cross-validation results showed that the latter approach has a better performance than the former. Then, the latter approach was applied to 48 meteorological stations in northern China. The cross-validation results for all 48 stations showed close correlation between the percentile-based indices and the seasonal large-scale variables. Finally, future scenarios of indices of temperature extremes in northern China were projected by applying the statistical downscaling to Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 (HadCM3) simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 (RCP 4.5) scenario of the Fifth Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). The results showed that the 90th percentile of daily maximum temperatures will increase by about 1.5℃, and the 10th of daily minimum temperatures will increase by about 2℃ during the period 2011-35 relative to 1980-99.     

LARGE SIGNALS OF CLIMATIC VARIATION OVER THE OCEAN IN THE ASIAN MONSOON REGION

The aim of this paper is to identify and delineate large signals of climatic variation in the Asian monsoon region and try to understand the nature of transformation from one climate regime to another.It is found that the summer monsoon over the Indian and western Pacific oceans shows distinct climatic regimes with changes occurring in the years around 1875, 1900, 1940 and 1960. The change of about 1900 is the largest one, which occurs in step with the variation of global oceanic climate pointed out by Fletcher, et al.(1982).The main characteristics of the transformation from one regime to another is an alternation of meridio-nality of monsoon current. The transformation occurs most strongly in the western Pacific convergence zone, where monsoon has strong interaction with the trade wind systems.The variability of monsoon rainfall over India and East China also exhibits some large signals which are synchronous with those of wind field over the ocean: the monsoon rainfall increases (decreases) during the