Granitentstehung bei Orogenese und Epirogenese

Zusammenfassung Die Granitentstehung wird mittels Beispielen aus dem archäischen Grundgebirge Finnlands erläutert. Hier ist ein tief denudierter Horizontalschnitt durch wenigstens zwei Orogene verschiedenen Alters entblößt. Nach J. J.Sederholm werden vom Areal des Landes 78,3% von granitischen Gesteinen einschl. Migmatiten unterlagert. Davon sind 4% epirogene Granite, wie Rapakivi. Weil das Alter des Grundgebirges nach unserem heutigen Wissen mehr als die Hälfte der geologischen Zeit beträgt, kann man nicht ohne weiteres versichert sein, daß die Granitentstehung während der ältesten Zeiten quantitativ oder qualitativ ähnlich gewesen ist wie später. Es wurde in der Tat gefunden, daß bei der karelidischen Orogenese in archäischer Zeit eine Regeneration der Granite in viel größerem Maßstab stattgefunden hat als jemals während der jüngeren Orogenesen.     

Über Spuren von primitivem Leben im Grundgebirge

Ohne Zusammenfassung Herrn Prof. Dr.Carl W. Correns zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Wie ist die Anordnung der äußeren Erdsphären nach der Dichte zustande gekommen?

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Cladoceran and diatom evidence of lake-level fluctuations from a Finnish lake and the effect of acquatic-moss layers on microfossil assemblages

We studied Holocene lake-level fluctuations from a small lake, Iso Lehmälampi, southern Finland, utilizing cladoceran and diatom analyses. We report data from a sediment core (A) taken from the deepest part of the lake (8.1 m) where two layers of moss, mixed with gyttja, were found. These layers were formed in situ during the early Holocene (1. ca. 8100-7900, 2. ca. 7300 BP). Lake-level fluctuations were inferred also from another core C, which did not have moss layers. According to the ratio of planktonic/littoral Cladocera, the water level was high around 9000 BP and started to fall before 8000 BP. The lowering continued until 7000 BP and the moss layers were formed during this lowering. Water level was high again ca. 6000 BP and lowered towards ca. 4000 BP. The late Holocene is characterized by several rapid fluctuations of lake-level. The ratio of planktonic/littoral Cladocera and the diatom species composition in core A showed drastic changes between the moss layers and the non-moss gyttja sections of the core. We suggest that they reflect changes in sedimentary facies between the local moss environment and the pelagic bottom. Thus, cores which contain moss layers may lead to erroneous interpretations of lake-level fluctuations.     

Natural boehmite single crystals from Ceylon

Single crystals of boehmite, up to 0.1 mm in size, were found in open cavities inside a corundum crystal from the Ratnapura area gem gravels in Ceylon. The unit cell parameters are (X-ray powder pattern): a ₀=3.695 Å b ₀=12.212 Å, c ₀=2.867 Å. The crystallographic orientation is based on X-ray single-crystal precession photographs. The crystals show the faces (it010), (001), (101), and (221). Systematic extinctions agree with the space group Amam. Optical orientation: a, b, c. Refractive indices are given. The mineral is optically positive with a large optic axial angle.     

Seismic risk analysis for Northern Iraq

In this study the seismic risks of northern Iraq have been evaluated by a probabilistic method. The data contain about 500 earthquakes which occurred between 1840 and 1978. The epicentral locations and magnitudes of the included earthquakes have been presented. A linear relationship between magnitude and frequency has been assumed. The attenuation of intensities has been presented as a function of magnitude and epicentral distance. The seismic risk has been calculated for 225 points of the analysed area. The equiseismal maps related to a certain risk level have been plotted by using these point values of intensities, and assuming a linear variation between the points. The significance of the standard deviation of the attenuation law and the strict lower bound intensity has been investigated by sensitivity analyses. The intensity contours related to the annual return period of 50, 100 and 200 years have been presented, and also the intensity contours with an occurrence probability of 10 per cent during 50, 100 and 200 years have been drawn.     

Einführung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The influence of radiation pressure and drag on Saturn's rings

The influence of radiation pressure and drag on the optical thickness of ring C is calculated as a function of the saturnocentric distance. The results are compared with Franklin and Cook's 1958 data. It seems probable that drag exerts more important effects than radiation pressure, at least in inner parts of ring C. The drag effect might also explain the existence of the Cassini division.