Development of a skill assessment tool for the Korea operational oceanographic system

A standard skill assessment(SA) tool was developed and implemented to evaluate the performance of operational forecast models in the Korea operational oceanographic system.The SA tool provided a robust way to assess model skill in the system by comparing predictions and observations,and involved the computation of multiple skill metrics including correlation and error skills.User-and system-based acceptance criteria of skill metrics were applied to determine whether predictions were acceptable for the system.To achieve this,the tool produced a time series comparison plot,a skill score table,and an advanced summarized diagram to effectively demonstrate the multiple skill scores.Moreover,the SA was conducted to evaluate both atmospheric and hydrodynamic forecast variables.For the atmospheric variables,acceptable error criteria were preferable to acceptable correlation criteria over short timescales,since the mean square error overwhelmed the observation variance.Conversely,for the hydrodynamic variables,acceptable root mean square percentage error(e.g.,p erms) criteria were preferable to acceptable error(e.g.,erms) criteria owing to the spatially variable tidal intensity around the Korean Peninsula.Furthermore,the SA indicated that predetermined acceptance error criteria were appropriate to satisfy a target central frequency(fc) for which errors fell within the specified limits(i.e.,the fc equals 70%).     

The changes of three components in coelomic fluid of Urechis unicinctus exposed to different concentrations of sulfide

The changes in heme （associated with hemoglobin）, hemoglobin and hematin in the coelomic fluid of marine worm, Urechis unicinctus, exposed to different concentrations of sulfide, were investigated using biochemical techniques. When exposed to different sulfide concentrations for up to 96 h, the relative amounts of the three components changed in a regular pattern suggesting that the coelomocytes play an important role in the worm＇s tolerance to sulfide. The possible roles of heme compounds in sulfide tolerance of this species are discussed on the basis of our experimental data.     

A numerical model study of barotropic subtidal water exchange between estuary and subestuaries (tributaries) in the Chesapeake Bay during northeaster events

Northeasters are storms that affect the Chesapeake Bay area more frequently, last for longer periods and impact larger areas than hurricanes. Their impacts on storm surge development and the water exchange between estuary and subestuaries (tributaries) in the Bay vary from one event to another. In this study, three different northeaster events were selected based on their tracks when passing through the Chesapeake Bay area. An unstructured grid finite volume model ELCIRC was utilized to examine the response of the water level of the Chesapeake Bay to three selected northeasters, and the barotropic subtidal water exchanges between the tributaries and the estuary in the Bay. Model sensitivity tests were conducted to examine various effects induced by, for example, tide–surge interaction, open boundary condition, river inflow, wetting-and-drying of the low-lying land area and the usage of 2-D or 3-D mode. The results show that excluding tide–surge interaction did not deteriorate the model performance in the lower Bay but it increased the model inaccuracy in the upper Bay and in the tributaries; using radiation boundary condition decreased the sea level variation in the Bay without appropriately specifying incoming wave; excluding wetting-and-drying of low-lying land area reduced the volume flux by approximately 5%; and using 3-D mode generally increased the water level variation in the Bay. The model predicted storm surges well for three northeaster events. Further diagnostic experiments show that the relative importance of the local and remote winds in generating storm surges in the Bay varied with different northeasters. The inverse barometeric effect played an important role in inducing storm surges for two selected northeasters. The interaction between the tributaries and the Bay proper is considerable. The impacts of the remote wind and Bay wind can be much larger than that of the tributary wind and, thus, control the hydrodynamics and mass transport in the tributaries. The Bay wind and tributary wind effects are largely affected by the wind direction and wind phase, and geographic locations of the tributaries in the Bay. The tributary wind can be dominant over the remote wind and Bay wind effects when the local wind stress and barometric pressure changes are large.     

Seawater–freshwater mixing and resulting calcite dissolution: an example from a coastal alluvial aquifer in eastern South Korea

Abstract

In order to evaluate groundwater quality and geochemical reactions arising from mixing between seawater and dilute groundwater, we performed a hydrochemical investigation of alluvial groundwater in a limestone-rich coastal area of eastern South Korea. Two sites were chosen for comparison: an upstream site and a downstream site. Data of major ion chemistry and ratios of oxygen–hydrogen isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD) revealed different major sources of groundwater salinity: recharge by sea-spray-affected precipitation in the upstream site, and seawater intrusion and diffusion zone fluctuation in the downstream site. The results of geochemical modelling showed that Ca²⁺ enrichment in the downstream area is caused by calcite dissolution enhanced by the ionic strength increase, as a result of seawater–groundwater mixing under open system conditions with a constant P_CO2 value (about 10^?1.5 atm). The results show that, for coastal alluvial groundwater residing on limestone, significant hydrochemical change (especially increased hardness) due to calcite dissolution enhanced by seawater mixing should be taken into account for better groundwater management. This process can be effectively evaluated using geochemical modelling.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor Y. Guttman

Citation Chae, G.-T., Yun, S.-T., Yun, S.-M., Kim, K.-H., and So, C.-S., 2012. Seawater–freshwater mixing and resulting calcite dissolution: an example from a coastal alluvial aquifer in eastern South Korea. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8),1–12.     

Development of the Operational Oceanographic System of Korea

Ocean Science Journal - The Korea Operational Oceanographic System (KOOS) was developed at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) to produce real-time forecasting and...     

Geologically controlled agricultural contamination and water–rock interaction in an alluvial aquifer: results from a hydrochemical study

Environmental Earth Sciences - Hydrogeochemistry data collected from three multi-level monitoring wells in a sandy alluvial aquifer located in the Keum River watershed, South Korea, are used in...     

单环刺螠对硫化物暴露的呼吸代谢适应

研究硫化物暴露后单环刺组织细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、延胡索酸还原酶(FRD)等呼吸代谢酶活性的变化,初步探讨了单环刺对硫化物的呼吸代谢适应。将虫体暴露于50,150μmol/L 2个硫化物组和不含硫化物的对照组水体中,分别于暴露后0,2,12,24,48 h和解除暴露后48 h取体壁、呼吸肠等组织进行酶活性分析。结果显示:暴露2 h时,硫化物组CCO活性上升。24 h时,150μmol/L组CCO活性显著低于对照组,到48 h时接近于0,而SDH活性显著低于对照组,FRD活性极显著高于对照组。解除暴露后48 h,虫体的呼吸代谢酶活性与对照组无显著差异。可见,硫化物暴露后,短期内虫体呼吸代谢提高,可能进行硫化物氧化解毒。而随着暴露时间的延长,虫体的呼吸代谢减弱,FRD活性极显著增高,推测体内可能存在将延胡索酸还原成琥珀酸的无氧代谢方式。解除硫化物暴露后,虫体具有较强的自我恢复能力。