A New Tethered Balloon-Borne Payload for Fine-Scale Observations in the Cloudy Boundary Layer

A new scientific payload is introduced for fine-scale measurements of meteorological (wind vector, static air temperature, humidity, and air pressure) and microphysical (aerosol particles and cloud droplets) properties, suspended below a tethered balloon. The high resolution sensors and the tethered balloon are described. Measurements in a lifted fog layer from a first field campaign are presented.The detailed investigation of the fog/haze and the temperature inversion layer demonstrates the damping influence of the fog on temperature fluctuations, while thewind fluctuations are significantly decreased by theevolving temperature inversion, whichwas about 30 m above the fog layer.From spectral analysis the noise floors of the high-resolution sensors are determined to10^-6 kg m^-3 for the LWC (liquid water content) and 4 mK for the fast temperature sensor (UFT-B). The correlation betweentemperature and LWC structures in shallow haze layers is investigated. The release of latent heat and the corresponding warming in the haze of about 0.1 K could be quantified.     

193nmLA-ICPMS对国际地质标准参考物质中42种主量和微量元素的分析

本文采用配备有 193nm Ar F准分子 (excimer)激光器的 Geo L as2 0 0 M剥蚀系统和 Elan6 10 0 DRC ICP- MS对 4个美国地质调查所 (USGS)玻璃标准参考物质以及 3个美国国家标准技术研究院 (NIST)人工合成硅酸盐玻璃标准参考物质中几乎覆盖整个质量数范围 (从 7L i到 2 38U)的 38个微量和 4个主量 (Na、Mg、Ti和 Mn)元素进行了分析。分析结果表明 ,无论是对 USGS还是 NIST玻璃 ,元素分析的相对标准偏差 RSDs和分析值与参考值之间的相对偏差 (RDs)一般优于 10 % ,RSD和RD较大的元素主要出现在含量很低或不均匀样品中。稀土元素的 RSD显示 ,除 AGV- 2 G可能存在不均匀现象外 ,其它所测样品在 6 0 μm尺度上 ,元素分布是均匀的。本研究证明 ,由于 ICP- MS具有 10 8cps(每秒计数 )的动态线性范围 ,本实验室的L A- ICPMS系统可定量分析含量在百分之几的主量元素及微量元素。分析精密度和准确度可与常规溶液雾化进样 ICP- MS方法相媲美     

Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of fluvial red beds by statistical analysis of palaeocurrent data: Examples from the buntsandstein (lower triassic) of the eifel and bavaria in the German basin (middle Europe)

Palaeocurrent data from parts of the Upper Buntsandstein (Lower Triassic) of both the western (Eifel: Kyllburg-Schichten) and eastern (Bavaria: Plattensandstein) margin of the German Triassic Basin (Middle Europe) have been interpreted by circular directional statistics, eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis, autocorrelation analysis and vector trend analysis. Examination of current roses, histograms of normalized vector magnitudes and plots, of circular skewness of the distribution vs. circular kurtosis, together with the palaeocurrent plots indicate bimodal palaeocurrent distributions with bipolar orientations within long, short and very short sedimentary sequences. Subset I of the directional data is interpreted to represent larger, more continuous flows in a high-energy regime of probably perennial type, whereas subset II may represent smaller, partially episodic flows of probably ephemeral type with larger variability in direction and flow regime; transport and sedimentation rates being significantly smaller than during deposition of subset I. A part of the bimodal palaeocurrent distributions within short sedimentary sequences fits rather well into the general transport pattern. Other bipolarities are primarily interpreted as effects of superimposition of channels of different orientations as well as of main channels and crevasse-splay channels, and condensation of deposition from discontinuous or episodic flows. The main mechanism creating the vertical succession of various directions is stacking of different substratum members to multistorey complexes by primary-depositional restriction of formation and/or secondary-erosional removal of topstratum sediments. The occasional occurrence of herring-bone cross-stratification representing bipolarities within very short depositional sequences, testifies to probably episodic and random changes in water surface slopes allowing currents to reverse locally. Examination of long sedimentary sequences by autocorrelation analysis reveals changes of transport directions with time in a sinusoidal manner, indicating a conformable environmental development of the alluvial watercourses which reflects a time-cyclic trend of sedimentation by spatially continuous and time-concordant shifting of the channel system. The results of the statistical analysis enable an enhanced palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the alluvial network which fits best to a transitional meandering-thalweg-braided channel pattern. Comparison of the statistical results, especially in the light of vector trend surface analysis, clearly reflects the different palaeogeographic positions of both investigated areas, but rules out only minor influences of regionally different palaeoslopes on the alluvial depositional environment, with the basic principles of fluvial style at the western margin (Eifel) generally matching those at the eastern margin (Bavaria) of the German Basin.     

The Consistency of IPCC's SRES Scenarios to 1990–2000 Trends and Recent Projections

The greenhouse gas emissions scenarios published by the IPCC in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) continue to serve as a primary basis for assessing future climate change and possible response strategies. These scenarios were developed between 1996 and 1999 and sufficient time has now passed to make it worth examining their consistency with more recent data and projections. The comparison performed in this paper includes population, GDP, energy use, and emissions of CO₂, non-CO₂ gases and sulfur. We find the SRES scenarios to be largely consistent with historical data for the 1990–2000 period and with recent projections. Exceptions to this general observation include (1) in the long-term, relatively high population growth assumptions; in some regions, particularly in the A2 scenario; (2) in the medium-term, relatively high economic growth assumptions in the LAM (Latin America, Africa and Middle East) region in the A1 scenario; (3) in the short-term, CO₂ emissions projections in A1 that are somewhat higher than the range of current scenarios; and (4) substantially higher sulfur emissions in some scenarios than in historical data and recent projections. In conclusion, given the relatively small inconsistencies for use as global scenarios there seems to be no immediate need for a large-scale IPCC-led update of the SRES scenarios that is solely based on the SRES scenario performance vis-a-vis data for the 1990–2000 period and/or more recent projections. Based on reported findings, individual research teams could make, and in some cases already have made, useful updates of the scenarios.