Exposure of phytoplankton to ekofisk crude oil

Solutions of Ekofisk crude oil in sea water were prepared by slow stirring for 21h in a closed system. Headspace and GC/MS techniques were applied to establish dose composition and levels. The standardized test medium produced in a closed system contained approximately 14 mg oil per litre and was dominated by low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols.The toxicity of the standarized oil-containing medium to three marine diatoms was studied in a cage culture turbidostat and by conventional batch culture technique. The three algal species differed in sensitivity to the oil compounds, but showed identical ranking in both test systems.Standardized test medium diluted to 50% with respect to oil content stopped the growth of the most sensitive alga, Skeletonema costatum. For comparison naphthalene was applied and gave 50 % growth reduction at a concentration of 400 μg litre^?1. The growth of Chaetoceros ceratosporum was only slighty affected by the full strength standard test medium, which had no influence on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the least sensitive organism. The presence of an oil layer on the surface of the standard test medium during the growth test greatly increased its toxicity and blocked completely the photosynthesis even of P. tricornutum after 4 days.     

What is good for the fishermen, is good for the nation: co-management in the Norwegian fishing industry in the 1990s

This paper analyses the concept of ‘co-management’ and tries to explain why co-management has recently become important to different types of fisheries administration. A preliminary analytical framework is sketched, before going on to describe the Norwegian co-management system, known as ‘centrally directed consultation’, where fishermen's representatives are established on a wide range of organisations that exert a direct influence on fisheries policy, including not only quota management but grant aid, sales, research and education. The final section is devoted to the lessons that may be learned from the Norwegian experience, bearing in mind the particular background of Norway and its historical setting.     

3rd International Energy Forum in Hamburg,Germany, 22–23 November 1990

Reports

3rd International Energy Forum in Hamburg, Germany, 22–23 November 1990Meeting of leading experts to discuss the role of the Energy Industries in the Europe of the Future     

Statistical tests for regional seismic phase characterizations

In seismic analysis some assumptions are often made aboutthe data, e.g. stationarity and Gaussianity. This is not obvious for all realseismic data. Here, we use statistical tests for characterization of regionalseismic data. We apply tests for stationarity, symmetry, linearity, andtime-reversibility. In the analysis we use twelve regional seismic events inFennoscandia recorded with the seismic small-aperture arrays NORESS,ARCESS and FINESA at hypocentral distances in the range from 160 to1580 km. For the tests we use the regional phases Pn, secondary P, Sn and Lg-phases and the preceding noise. Two of the eventsare explosions, two are rockbursts and eight are earthquakes. Theperformance and possibilities of using statistical tests based on bispectra, asa complementary tool for conventional analysis of seismic phases isdemonstrated. The preceding noise recorded before the first onset of theP-wave for the twelve events is tested to be spatially stationarybetween each channel within each array and temporal stationary in 21consecutive time windows of 3.2 sec each. Also, the preceding noise issymmetric and linear. The seismic phases defined by the symmetry test asnon-Gaussian (not symmetric) are all linear. This means a linear model canbe used to characterize both the noise and the phases. The first P-phase for the two explosions is characterized as non-Gaussian at thethree arrays. For all 36 possibly first P-phase arrivals at the three arraystations, 23 are non-Gaussian. The second P-phase is non-Gaussian at13 of 36 data records, the S-phase at eleven of 36 and the Lg-phase at nine of 36. For all the four phases more than 32 of possible36 are time-reversible.     

Differential nocturnal cooling in the landscape detected by mobile measurements

Summary In June 1986 mobile air temperature measurements were performed in the Kivik area in Sweden. The measuring trips were repeated each hour during a night with calm and clear weather conditions. Along a loop, 8650 m long and traversing a hilly landscape, the air temperature was measured at four levels (0.2, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 m a g). In this study the results are focused on the measurements at the standard level, 2.0 m a g, in order to make it easier to compare this study with earlier mobile studies.Sudden rises in air temperature at 2.0 m occurred at a number of elevated locations along the loop, at a max. rate of 3.5°C/hour, indicative of the influence of dynamic turbulence. Lower parts of the loop did show a drop in air temperature at the same time, with a max. of 3.8°C/hour, indicative of cold air influence. In most earlier studies the mobile measurements were compensated for the nocturnal cooling in order to make it possible to directly compare the different measurement points. This study highlights the problems due to turbulence as mentioned above. It also stresses the fact that more reference measurements at more than one point along a loop are needed in hilly terrain.With 7 Figures     

Electrodialytic remediation of CCA-treated waste wood in pilot scale

When chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood is removed from service and turns into waste, the contents of Cu, Cr and As remain high due to the strong fixation of CCA in the wood. This high content of toxic compounds presents a disposal challenge. Incineration of CCA-treated waste wood is not allowed in Denmark; instead, the wood is to be land-filled until new methods for handling the wood are available. Since the amounts of CCA-treated wood being removed from service is expected to increase in the years to come, the need for finding alternative handling methods is very relevant. In this study, the usefulness of Electrodialytic Remediation was demonstrated for handling of CCA-treated waste wood in pilot scale. The electrodialytic remediation method, which uses a low-level direct current (DC) as the cleaning agent, combines electrokinetic movement of ions in the wood matrix with the principles of electrodialysis. It has previously been shown that it is possible to remove Cu, Cr and As from CCA-treated wood using electrodialytic remediation in laboratory scale, but until now, the method had not been studied in large scale. The pilot-scale plant used in this study was designed to contain up to 2 m³ wood chips. Six remediation experiments were carried out. In these experiments, the process was up-scaled stepwise by increasing the distance between the electrodes from initially 60 cm to finally 150 cm. The remediation time was varied between 11 and 21 days, and phosphoric acid and/or oxalic acid was used to facilitate the desorption of CCA from the wood. In the most successful of the experiments carried out, the concentration of CCA in the wood was reduced by up to 82% for Cr, 88% for Cu and at least 96% for As.     

利用多波段分光仪观测生物有效UV辐射、臭氧总量和云的影响

该文介绍了一种利用紫外分光仪进行辐照度观测获取生物有效UV辐射、臭氧总量和云的光学厚度的方法。这些量是观测的辐照度与辐射传输计算相结合后测定的。该方法被用于具有 4个中心波长为 30 5、32 0、340和 380nm ,宽度为 10nm的 4波段分光仪。将这种仪器与高精度分光光度计在美国圣迭戈不同天气条件下进行了为期 1周的对比观测。当太阳天顶角 (SZA) <80°时 ,CIE 权重UV辐射剂量率的相对误差为 1.4± 3.2 %。晴天条件下 ,当SZA <80°时 ,相对误差为 0 .6± 1.5%。该仪器观测的辐照度推算的臭氧总量对云并不敏感。这种仪器还与Dobson和Brewer仪器在挪威奥斯陆进行了一年多的对比观测。整个观测期间 (包括有云的情况 )获得的臭氧总量相对误差为 0 .3± 2 .9%。当晴天和SZA <6 0°时 ,标准差减小到 1.9%。将仪器观测中所获得的臭氧总量和云的光学厚度输入到辐射传输模式 ,可以计算从 2 90～ 4 0 0nm分辨率为 1nm的整个光谱。这样计算的光谱与同时用高精度分光光度计观测的光谱在晴天及有云的条件下非常一致 ,所以 ,这种光谱可以用于测定任何作用光谱的辐射剂量率。而计算这种光谱只需要一个UV B通道和一个UV A通道