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排序方式: 共有178条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
G. Sauermann J. S. Andrade Jr. L. P. Maia U. M. S. Costa A. D. Araújo H. J. Herrmann 《Geomorphology》2003,54(3-4):245-255
We present measurements of wind velocity and sand flux performed on the windward side of a large barchan dune in Jericoacoara, northeastern Brazil. From the measured profile, we calculate the air shear stress using an analytical approximation and treat the problem of flow separation by an heuristic model. We find that the results from this approach agree well with our field data. Moreover, using the calculated shear velocity, we predict the sand flux according to well-known equilibrium relations and with a phenomenological continuum saltation model that includes saturation transients and thus allows for nonequilibrium conditions. Based on the field data and theoretical predicted results, we indicate the principal differences between saturated and nonsaturated sand flux models. Finally, we show that the measured dune moves with invariant shape and predict its velocity from our data and calculations. 相似文献
2.
We describe the tidal circulation and salinity regime of a coastal plain estuary that connects to the ocean through a flood
tide delta. The delta acts as a sill, and we examine the mechanisms through which the sill affects exchange of estuarine water
with the ocean. Given enough buoyancy, the dynamics of tidal intrusion fronts across the sill and selective withdrawal (aspiration)
in the deeper channel landward appear to control the exchange of seawater with estuarine water. Comparison of currents on
the sill and stratification in the channel reveals aspiration depths smaller than channel depth during neap tide. During neap
tide and strong vertical stratification, seawater plunges beneath the less dense estuarine water somewhere on the sill. Turbulence
in the intruding bottom layer on the sill promotes entrainment of fluid from the surface layer, and the seawater along the
sill bottom is diluted with estuarine water. During ebb flow, salt is effectively trapped landward of the sill in a stagnant
zone between the aspiration depth and the bottom where it can be advected farther upstream by flood currents. During spring
tide, the plunge point moves landward and off the sill, stratification is weakened in the deep channel, and aspiration during
ebb extends to the bottom. This prevents the formation of stagnant water near the bottom, and the estuary is flooded with
high salinity water far inland. The neapspring cycle of tidal intrusion fronts on flood coupled with aspiration during ebb
interacts with the sill to play an important role in the transport and retention of salt within the estuary. 相似文献
3.
Throughfall patterns in sugarcane and riparian forest: understanding the effect of sugarcane age and land use conversion 下载免费PDF全文
Robson Willians da Costa Silva Luiz Felippe Salemi Rafael Pires Fernandes Tatiana Morgan Berteli de Andrade Jorge Marcos de Moraes Plínio Barbosa de Camargo Luiz Antonio Martinelli 《水文研究》2016,30(15):2579-2589
Sugarcane is an annual crop with a dynamic canopy that changes over time mainly because of genetic adaptation. There is uncertainty about the temporal trends of throughfall (TF) in this important commercial crop. In the present paper, we used troughs to measure TF in a third and fourth ratoon and subsequently in a fourth and fifth ratoon. Additional measurements were carried out in an adjacent riparian forest. There were no significant differences between cycles of sugarcane, growth phases and riparian forest. The TF results for ratoon crop and riparian forest in 2011/2012 were 76% and 79.5% of gross rainfall, respectively, while in 2012/2013, they were 79% and 78%, respectively. However, TF was remarkably lower in the riparian forest relative to ratoon from the second half of the culm formation and elongation phase (280 days after harvest) until harvest. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
This paper endows the recently‐proposed granular element method (GEM) with the ability to perform 3D discrete element calculations. By using non‐uniform rational B‐Splines to accurately represent complex grain geometries, we proposed an alternative approach to clustering‐based and polyhedra‐based discrete element methods whereby the need for complicated and ad hoc approaches to construct 3D grain geometries is entirely bypassed. We demonstrate the ability of GEM in capturing arbitrary‐shaped 3D grains with great ease, flexibility, and without excessive geometric information. Furthermore, the applicability of GEM is enhanced by its tight integration with existing non‐uniform rational B‐Splines modeling tools and ability to provide a seamless transition from binary images of real grain shapes (e.g., from 3D X‐ray CT) to modeling and discrete mechanics computations.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
L. Eymard S. Planton P. Durand C. Le Visage P. Y. Le Traon L. Prieur A. Weill D. Hauser J. Rolland J. Pelon F. Baudin B. Bénech J. L. Brenguier G. Caniaux P. De Mey E. Dombrowski A. Druilhet H. Dupuis B. Ferret C. Flamant P. Flamant F. Hernandez D. Jourdan K. Katsaros D. Lambert J. M. Lefèvre P. Le Borgne B. Le Squere A. Marsoin H. Roquet J. Tournadre V. Trouillet A. Tychensky B. Zakardjian 《Annales Geophysicae》1996,14(9):986-1015
The SEMAPHORE (Structure des Echanges Mer-Atmosphère, Propriétés des Hétérogénéités Océaniques: Recherche Expérimentale) experiment has been conducted from June to November 1993 in the Northeast Atlantic between the Azores and Madeira. It was centered on the study of the mesoscale ocean circulation and air-sea interactions. The experimental investigation was achieved at the mesoscale using moorings, floats, and ship hydrological survey, and at a smaller scale by one dedicated ship, two instrumented aircraft, and surface drifting buoys, for one and a half month in October-November (IOP: intense observing period). Observations from meteorological operational satellites as well as spaceborne microwave sensors were used in complement. The main studies undertaken concern the mesoscale ocean, the upper ocean, the atmospheric boundary layer, and the sea surface, and first results are presented for the various topics. From data analysis and model simulations, the main characteristics of the ocean circulation were deduced, showing the close relationship between the Azores front meander and the occurrence of Mediterranean water lenses (meddies), and the shift between the Azores current frontal signature at the surface and within the thermocline. Using drifting buoys and ship data in the upper ocean, the gap between the scales of the atmospheric forcing and the oceanic variability was made evident. A 2 °C decrease and a 40-m deepening of the mixed layer were measured within the IOP, associated with a heating loss of about 100 W m−2. This evolution was shown to be strongly connected to the occurrence of storms at the beginning and the end of October. Above the surface, turbulent measurements from ship and aircraft were analyzed across the surface thermal front, showing a 30% difference in heat fluxes between both sides during a 4-day period, and the respective contributions of the wind and the surface temperature were evaluated. The classical momentum flux bulk parameterization was found to fail in low wind and unstable conditions. Finally, the sea surface was investigated using airborne and satellite radars and wave buoys. A wave model, operationally used, was found to get better results compared with radar and wave-buoy measurements, when initialized using an improved wind field, obtained by assimilating satellite and buoy wind data in a meteorological model. A detailed analysis of a 2-day period showed that the swell component, propagating from a far source area, is underestimated in the wave model. A data base has been created, containing all experimental measurements. It will allow us to pursue the interpretation of observations and to test model simulations in the ocean, at the surface and in the atmospheric boundary layer, and to investigate the ocean-atmosphere coupling at the local and mesoscales. 相似文献
6.
T. Simon-Labric Y. Rolland T. Dumont T. Heymes C. Authemayou M. Corsini M. Fornari 《地学学报》2009,21(2):127-136
Direct absolute dating of the Penninic Frontal Thrust tectonic motion is achieved using the 40 Ar/39 Ar technique in the Pelvoux Crystalline Massif (Western Alps). The dated phengites were formed syn-kinematically in shear zones. They underline the brittle-ductile stretching lineation, pressure-shadow fibres and slickensides consistent with underthrusting of the European continental slab below the propagating Penninic Thrust. Chlorite–phengite thermobarometry yields 10–15 km and T ∼280 °C, while 40 Ar/39 Ar phengite ages mainly range between 34 and 30 Ma, with one younger age at 27 Ma. This Early Oligocene age range matches a major tectonic rearrangement of the Alpine chain. Preservation of prograde 40 Ar/39 Ar ages is ascribed to passive exhumation of the Pelvoux shear zone network, sandwiched between more external thrusts and the Penninic Front reactivated as an E-dipping detachment fault. Partial resetting in the Low Temperature part of argon spectra below 24 Ma is ascribed to brittle deformation and alteration of phengites. 相似文献
7.
L. C. Garcia de Andrade 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,310(1-2):25-29
Riemannian geometrical effects on the expansion of the electron magnetohydrodynamical (EMH) superconductivity modeled twisted
nonplanar thin magnetic flux tubes are considered. A solution is found which represents almost incompressible plasma flows,
where the twist of flux tube is computed in terms of the continuous variation of its cross-section. It is shown that the twist
increases in regions where twisted flux tube expands as in Parker’s conjecture. From computation of compression along the
tube we show that when the torsion is weak a centrifugal or vorticity effect on the longitudinal direction of the tube enhances
the screening effect on the “superconductor”. Throughout the paper we consider helical flux tubes where torsion and curvature
of the tube are constants. Thus we show that the Parker’s conjecture is valid in a continuos manner for these type II superconducting
twisted flux tubes. Throughout the paper we adopt the approximation that the radial component of the magnetic field varies
so slowly along the tube axis that it can be approximated to zero along the tube. It is suggested that the models discussed
here may also be applied to DNA and nanotubes. 相似文献
8.
9.
Glen M. MacDonald David F. Porinchu Nicolas Rolland Konstantine V. Kremenetsky Darrell S. Kaufman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,41(1):129-141
Instrumental climate records from the central Canadian treeline zone display a pattern of variation similar to general Northern
Hemisphere temperature trends. To examine whether this general correspondence extends back beyond the instrumental record,
we obtained a sediment core from Lake S41, a small lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada at 63°43.11′ N, 109°19.07′ W.
A radiocarbon-based chronology was developed for the core. The sediments were analyzed for organic-matter content by loss-on-ignition
(LOI), biogenic-silica content (BSi), and chironomid community composition to reconstruct July air temperature and summer
water temperature. The paleolimnological records were compared with records of atmospheric CO2 concentration, solar variability, and hemispheric temperature variations over the past 2000 years. The results of the analyses
suggest that widely-documented long-term variations in Northern Hemisphere temperature associated with radiative forcing,
namely the cooling following the medieval period during the Little Ice Age (LIA), and twentieth century warming, are represented
in the central Canadian treeline zone. There is also evidence of a brief episode of warming during the eighteenth century.
As evidenced by LOI and BSi, the twentieth century warming is typified by increased lake productivity relative to the LIA.
Depending upon the measure, the increased productivity of the twentieth century nearly equals or exceeds that of any other
period in the past 2000 years. In contrast, the rate of chironomid head capsule accumulation decreased and remained low during
the twentieth century. Although the chironomid-inferred temperature reconstructions indicate cooling during the LIA, they
present no evidence of greatly increased temperatures during the twentieth century. Warming during the twentieth century might
have enhanced lake stratification, and the response of the chironomid fauna to warming was attenuated by decreased oxygen
and lower temperatures in the hypolimnion of the more stratification-prone lake.
相似文献
Glen M. MacDonaldEmail: |
10.
Victor Fernandez Nascimento Nazli Yesiller Keith C Clarke Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto Pedro R. Andrade Anahi Chimini Sobral 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2017,54(5):657-677
??The proper management of solid waste (SW) is a global environmental challenge. A major issue is the proper disposal of SW while balancing a wide range of criteria and working with different spatial data. In this study, we used geographic information system as a tool to perform multi-criteria decision analysis with an analytical hierarchy process to develop an environmental impact susceptibility model (EISM) for landfills. The model was applied to the state of California, USA and results are presented herein. In particular, the EISM considers factors such as geology, pedology, geomorphology, water resources, and climate as represented by 13 associated environmental indicators. The results of the EISM indicate that more than 75% of California’s territory is situated in areas with very low, low, and medium environmental impact susceptibility categories. However, in the remaining 25% of the state’s land, 61 landfills are located in the high and very high categories. These results are alarming because during the period from 2000 to 2015, these 61 landfills received approximately 308 million tons of SW, which corresponds to more than 57% of all SW disposed in California. The model results can be used toward mitigating the environmental impacts of these facilities. 相似文献