尼泊尔Koshi Tappu野生动物保护区中村落人类与野生动物冲突（英文）

人类与野生动物的冲突一直是尼泊尔许多地区（包括尼泊尔东部）面临的最棘手的问题之一。本研究评估了尼泊尔Sunsari区Koshi Tappu野生动物保护区Paschim Kusaha村的人类与野生动物冲突状况。通过问卷调查和正式/非正式访谈,从不同家庭的47名受访者中收集数据。结果显示,破坏力最大的野生动物为野象、野猪和野水牛,袭击最多的农作物为水稻（63.83%）、玉米（19.15%）和马铃薯（17.02%）。人类与野生动物之间的大部分相遇发生在夜间（黄昏后和黎明前）,有记录显示夜间相遇占总相遇次数的78.72%。当地居民受到的主要负面影响包括财产损失、动物骚扰以及野生动物对农田的破坏等。尽管保护区和周边地区的人类死亡率记录令人不安（在过去5年中有22人死亡）,但仍有70%的受访者对野生动物保护持积极态度。建议提高对野生动物行为的认识以及保护,设立容易获得补偿的计划和项目,以尽量减少该地区的人类与野生动物的冲突。     

Shifting dynamics of nature,society and agriculture in the Hindu Kush Himalayas: Perspectives for future mountain development

Current approaches for sustainable mountain development have several persisting warning signals. Economic globalization, profitoriented market development, and infrastructure development have significantly altered traditional nature-society interactions, increased environmental pressures, and challenged agricultural sustainability in the mountains. Some of the effects of globalization could also be beneficial. Social differentiation and disintegration of mountain communities' have weakened their collective stakes on natural resources resulting in decline in initiatives such as community forestry, collective water management, domestication of rapidly disappearing herbal species, and balancing of economic and ecological concerns. Population growth, food insecurity, unemployment, and increasing economic gaps between rich and poor have led to out-migration of youth. Sustained action promoting ownership of new initiatives for rehabilitating degraded mountain landscapes through macro-level global/national initiatives, mountain specific planning and development efforts is severely lacking in many areas on the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for widening the scope of efforts directed to help mountain areas and communities, and a future thinking approach to enhance the sustainability of mountain areas as they are a valuable natural resource for humankind. This paper discusses the issues, opportunities, and provides suggestions for the future of mountain development.     

Detrital chromian spinels from beach placers of Andaman Islands,India: A perspective view of petrological characteristics and variations of the Andaman ophiolite

Along the east coast of the Andaman Islands, abundant detrital chromian spinels frequently occur in black sands at the confluence of streams meeting the Andaman Sea. The mineral chemistry of these detrital chromian spinels has been used in reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Andaman ophiolite. The chromian spinels show wide variation in compositional parameters such as Cr# [= Cr/(Cr + A1) atomic ratio] (0.13–0.91), Mg# [= Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) atomic ratio] (0.23–0.76), and TiO₂ (<0.05–3.9 wt%). The YFe³⁺[= 100Fe³⁺/(Cr + A1 + Fe³⁺) atomic ratio] is remarkably low (usually <10 except for south Andaman). The ranges of chemical composition of chromian spinels are different in each locality. The spinel compositions show very depleted signatures over the entire island, which suggests that all massifs in the Andaman ophiolite were affected under island‐arc conditions. Although the degree of depletion varies in different parts of the island, a directional change in composition of the detrital chromian spinels from south to north is evident. Towards the north the detrital chromian spinels point to less‐depleted source rocks in contrast to relatively more depleted towards the south. The possibilities to explain this directional change are critically discussed in the context of the evolution of Andaman ophiolite.