Effects of the geometry of two‐dimensional fractures on their hydraulic aperture and on the validity of the local cubic law

Flow through rough fractures is investigated numerically in order to assess the validity of the local cubic law for different fracture geometries. Two‐dimensional channels with sinusoidal walls having different geometrical properties defined by the aperture, the amplitude, and the wavelength of the walls' corrugations, the corrugations asymmetry, and the phase shift between the two walls are considered to represent different fracture geometries. First, it is analytically shown that the hydraulic aperture clearly deviates from the mean aperture when the walls' roughness, the phase shift, and/or the asymmetry between the fracture walls are relatively high. The continuity and the Navier–Stokes equations are then solved by means of the finite element method and the numerical solutions compared to the theoretical predictions of the local cubic law. Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.066 to 66.66 are investigated so as to focus more particularly on the effect of flow inertial effects on the validity of the local cubic law. For low Reynolds number, typically less than 15, the local cubic law properly describes the fracture flow, especially when the fracture walls have small corrugation amplitudes. For Reynolds numbers higher than 15, the local cubic law is valid under the conditions that the fracture presents a low aspect ratio, small corrugation amplitudes, and a moderate phase lag between its walls.     

Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit (NW Turkey): a sedimentary basin under control of the North Anatolian Fault Zone

The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit, situated on the tectonically active North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), was investigated using seismic reflection, paleontologic, and sediment textural data. On the basis of seismic stratigraphic and sedimentologic-paleontologic interpretations, four depositional units were distinguished within the Plio-Quaternary sequence of the Gulf of İzmit. According to these data, Plio-Quaternary deposits supplied from the northern terrestrial area started to accumulate during a progradational phase, in a south-facing half-graben. A coarse-grained sedimentary unit prograding into the gulf from the south since 200 ka b.p. indicates a dramatic variation in the evolution of the gulf, with the initiation of a new strike-slip fault of the NAFZ and a corresponding uplift of the Armutlu Peninsula in the south of the gulf. During the evolution of this fault from a wide shear zone consisting of right-stepped strike-slip faults and pull-apart basins to a localized principal fault zone, sediments were deposited under the influence of northerly prograding terrestrial and shallow-marine conditions due to relative sea-level fluctuations in the Marmara Sea. During this period, the Gulf of İzmit was invaded mainly by Mediterranean and partly by Black Sea waters. In the latest glacial period, shallow areas in the gulf became subaerially exposed, whereas the central and western sub-basins of the gulf turned into lakes. The present evolution of the Gulf of İzmit is controlled by the after effects of the new rupture of the NAFZ and the estuarine nature of the gulf environment.     

益阳市矿泉水的基本特征及形成机理探讨

益阳市矿泉水是一种弱酸、弱碱性、低矿化、富含偏硅酸的ＨＣＯ３－Ｃａ天然优质饮料矿泉水。它赋存于武陵期海底裂隙式喷溢形成的基性火山岩－细碧玄武岩的构造断裂和半风化层的风化裂隙之中。矿泉水水量起源于多途，化学成分形成于多因，是多因复成的产物。     

共享市县气象信息服务系统平台的设计与实现

虹吸雨量计是连续记录液体降水量、降水起止时间和降水强度的自记仪器,由承水器、浮子室、自记钟、记录笔和外壳等组成。雨量计置于观测场内,受外部环境的影响较大,其故障率较高,一旦降水期间出现故障,不但容易使记录缺测,而且还可能对年最大降水量的挑选造成影响。其常见故障如下:a)不虹吸。在人工加水或雨大时能够正常虹吸,但降水小时则在10mm线处划平线而不虹吸。造成这一现象的原因有:①虹吸管不清洁;②虹吸管与连接螺帽处漏气;③虹吸管有裂痕;④虹吸管曲率不合格。处理方法:第①种情况,可用肥皂水冲洗后再用清水冲洗数次,还可用细铁丝…     

Timing analysis of the black hole candidate EXO 1846-031 with insight-HXMT monitoring

We present the observational results from a detailed timing analysis of the black hole candidate EXO 1846-031 during its outburst in 2019 with the observations ...     

2004年6月29日西安市突发性暴雨成因分析

通过对鲁西南一次区域性大暴雨的分析表明:除有利的大尺度环流背景以外,超低空急流是大暴雨不稳定能量和水汽的主要输送带,高能级、大面积的不稳定能量的积累和补充,有利的物理量场的配置,构成了这次大暴雨过程的维持和增强。暴雨落区与超低空急流前部最大风速切变区的位置对应较好。     

藏南康马地区三叠系研究新进展

根据康马地区三叠系吕村组和涅如组新发现的化石及区域地质背景 ,把该区的地层时代分别厘定为中三叠世中晚期至晚三叠世早期和晚三叠世中晚期 ,并认为缺失早三叠世至中三叠世早期的沉积。研究表明康马地区三叠系与二叠系之间为微角度不整合接触 ,是“藏南运动”和“印支伸展运动”共同影响形成的。晚二叠世末至中三叠世早期 ,康马地区露出海面 ,接受剥蚀并形成喀斯特化风化壳。中三叠世末至晚三叠世 ,这一地区发生强烈伸展—裂陷 ,地壳迅速沉降 ,形成被动大陆边缘裂谷盆地 ,发育巨厚的半深海—深海复理石沉积 ,并伴随大量基性岩浆贯入。涅如组下部有两期基性岩侵入 ,早期基性岩床形成于印支晚期 ,晚期穿层侵入形成于燕山早期。     

辽宁复县震旦系高家屯组皱节虫化石的发现

辽东半岛南部晚前寒武纪地层分布广泛,发育完整,顶、底界线清楚,厚度巨大,生物化石丰富,并为中、外地质学家所重视,但是其地层对比一直是争论的问题。有的认为偏老,属青白口系以下,有的认为偏新,属青白口系以上。微古植物、可疑化石Chuaria、叠层石的研究结果受到怀疑;南关岭组底部所产的后生动物化石“水母”、“海绵骨针”和“遗迹化石”,现被查明是非生物成因的;同位素年龄的数据也是矛盾重重。     

近30年西藏地区大气可降水量的时空变化特征

利用1980-2009年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及同期西藏地区34个气象站的月降水量资料,分析了该地区大气可降水量和降水转化率的时空变化特征.结果表明:(1)该地区大气可降水量具有从东南向西北逐渐递减的空间分布特征;近30年大气可降水量呈逐渐减少趋势且年际变率相对较小,还表现出显著的季节差异,即夏季大气可降水量最大、冬季最小;多、少雨年大气可降水量的空间差异不显著,说明西藏地区的空中水汽含量相对稳定,有利于空中水资源的合理开发和利用.(2)降水转化率在那曲中东部和西藏东南部最高、西藏西北部最低;近30年西藏地区降水转化率呈逐渐增加趋势且年际变率较大,其季节变化与大气可降水量的变化规律一致;降水转化率的高低在一定程度上决定了某年为多(少)雨年.(3)西藏地区大气可降水量和实际降水量的空间分布规律接近,但其时间变化趋势与同期降水量增加的趋势正好相反;大气可降水量转化率与实际降水量的变化趋势基本一致,降水转化率的升高(降低)对应着降水量的增多(减少).     

基于GIS的农用地质量综合评价方法研究--以无锡市马山区为例

根据农用地质量综合评价因素所具有的空间特征和相关性，采用GIS技术和方法，对评价区农地的自然条件和社会环境信息以一定格式输入、存储、检索和操作，并根据GIS空间分析的类型和功能，结合模糊综合评判模型等数学方法，提出农用地质量综合评价系统的框架模型。并以无锡市马山区为例，开展了评价因子的量化、空间分析、等级划分、面积量算及评价图件输出等功能的试验，为进一步构建集成的土地评价信息系统原型奠定了基础。