藻类磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因的序列结构特点及系统进化分析

磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因(phosphomannose isomerase,PMI)编码磷酸甘露糖异构酶(PMI),可逆催化甘露糖-6-磷酸和果糖-6-磷酸之间的相互转化,在GDP-D-甘露糖的合成中起重要的作用,后者是生物体合成糖蛋白和糖脂必需的前体物质。本文根据在Genbank中已经登录的部分藻类PMI基因序列,与部分细菌、真菌、植物和动物的PMI基因序列做比较,研究其进化趋势和规律及其基因结构,为以后在大型藻类中研究该基因奠定基础。系统进化分析表明,藻类的PMI基因有2个进化方向,绿藻类的PMI基因与高等植物的进化趋势一致;而杂色藻类(硅藻和褐藻)则单独形成一个进化分支。多序列比对表明,磷酸甘露糖异构酶蛋白有3个保守区,其中有4个氨基酸残基位点是金属离子结合位点,分别为2个Glu和2个His。对部分藻类的PMI基因进行结构分析表明:在比较低等的藻类中,PMI基因没有内含子插入,而较高等的藻类中则有不同数目和长度的内含子插入。对部分藻类PMI基因的生物信息学分析结果显示,PMI基因编码的蛋白为酸性蛋白,分子量在40到60kDa之间;二级结构中均以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主;三级结构与二级结构相吻合。     

Phylogenomic analysis of transcriptomic sequences of mitochondria and chloroplasts for marine red algae (Rhodophyta) in China

The chloroplast and mitochondrion of red algae （Phylum Rhodophyta） may have originated from different endosymbiosis. In this study, we carried out phylogenomic analysis to distinguish their evolutionary lin-eages by using red algal RNA-seq datasets of the 1 000 Plants （1KP） Project and publicly available complete genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts of Rhodophyta. We have found that red algae were divided into three clades of orders, Florideophyceae, Bangiophyceae and Cyanidiophyceae. Taxonomy resolution for Class Florideophyceae showed that Order Gigartinales was close to Order Halymeniales, while Order Graci-lariales was in a clade of Order Ceramials. We confirmed Prionitis divaricata （Family Halymeniaceae） was closely related to the clade of Order Gracilariales, rather than to genus Grateloupia of Order Halymeniales as reported before. Furthermore, we found both mitochondrial and chloroplastic genes in Rhodophyta under negative selection （Ka/Ks〈1）, suggesting that red algae, as one primitive group of eukaryotic algae, might share joint evolutionary history with these two organelles for a long time, although we identified some dif-ferences in their phylogenetic trees. Our analysis provided the basic phylogenetic relationships of red algae, and demonstrated their potential ability to study endosymbiotic events.     

褐藻纲海带目Laminaria属和Saccharina属基于三个分子标记的系统发育分析

In the past two decades, many studies have focused on the classification within genus Laminaria, ultimately trying to divide it into two subgroups or genera: Laminaria and Saccharina. A significant debate still surrounds the question of its division, as the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses that have resulted from the classification studies are based on different taxon sampling, molecular markers, or analysis methods. It is aimed at elucidate the molecular phylogeny within Laminaria and Saccharina. The nine species of Laminariales are sampled from northern Asia and Europe, and 23 new sequences in the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes are determined to identify their taxonomic status. The phylogenetic analyses of 71 species are performed, including representatives from six of the seven families of the order Laminariales, based on three separate data sets. An evidence is provided to strongly support a clear split that maintains the two recognized genera, Laminaria and Saccharina, with Laminaria appearing to be the ancestor group. Further, analyses indicate that all taxa in Saccharina and Laminaria did not form a monophyletic lineage, instead Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae grouped together interlacedly, and Costariaceae appeared as the sister taxon of the Lessoniaceae–Laminariaceae clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, mitochondrial c oxidase I(COI) sequences appeared to be the most credible molecular marker which was more befitting than nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and plastid encoded rbcL for establishment of Laminariales systematics. It is the most comprehensive phylogeny of the order Laminariales, and contributes to an enhanced understanding and estimation of the phylogenetic relationships for the economically important seaweeds, Laminaria and Saccharina.     

江苏溧水马占山铜多金属矿床成矿特征及成因

马占山铜多金属矿床位于溧水盆地曹王山—爱景山多金属矿（化）带的南段,矿脉产于上侏罗统大王山组一套黑云母石英粗安岩、粗安质角砾凝灰熔岩等火山岩中,矿石类型有石英脉型黄铜矿石（金矿石）、方解石脉型黄铜矿石、石英重晶石脉型黄铜矿石、细脉型黄铜矿石、方解石脉型黄铁矿石、石英脉型黄铁矿石、石英重晶石脉型方铅矿石等。对马占山铜多金属矿床进行野外调查和室内研究结果表明：中至偏碱性的火山岩为主要成矿围岩,成矿热液与粗安岩两者可能是同一岩浆源的不同衍生物,Cu元素在研究区上、中侏罗统大王山组上段及龙王山组等火山岩中的含量明显高于地壳克拉克值,可为成矿提供物质来源;矿脉主要受控于区内近EW向构造破碎带,并与其产状一致;成矿期的石英、重晶石流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体为无CO2的中低温低盐度NaCl-H2O流体,温度介于134～250 ℃之间,集中于200～230 ℃,盐度w（NaCl）介于0.9%～6.7%之间,集中于4%～5%;流体演化趋势为由较高温、较高盐度的流体向低温及低盐度流体演化。综上认为,马占山铜金矿床属于典型的浅成中低温热液矿床。