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1.
Predictability of Interannual Variability in the Kuroshio Transport South of Japan Based on Wind Stress Data over the North Pacific 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
It is expected that a roughly two-year forecast of the Kuroshio transport variation can be made from a past record of wind
stress data over the ocean, since it takes nearly ten years for the first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave to traverse the entire
basin in the midlatitude North Pacific (∼30°N). We therefore investigated the predictability using an ocean general circulation
model driven by the wind stress data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. Referring to a hindcast experiment as the control run, we carried out fifteen forecast experiments,
the initial conditions of which are taken from the hindcast experiment at intervals of two years during the period from the
end of 1969 to the end of 1997. Each of the forecast experiments is driven only by wind stress in the year preceding each
experiment. The forecasted Kuroshio transport anomaly south of Japan agrees better with the hindcasted one during the first
two years of the forecast in most cases. In some cases, however, significant disagreements occur, most of which are likely
due to larger unpredictable variations caused by wind stress anomalies near Japan. At the end of forecast year 2, the anomaly
correlation coefficient is about 0.7, and rms of the forecast error is smaller than rms of the hindcasted anomaly. These results
indicate that the prediction of the interannual variability in the Kuroshio transport could be made two years in advance at
a statistically significant level.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Yukio Agatsuma Nobuyasu Nakabayashi Nobuaki Miura & Kazuya Taniguchi 《Marine Ecology》2005,26(2):100-109
To clarify the differences in the growth and gonad size of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus among algal sere, the study was conducted in June and July, and September 1998 at three fucoid beds in Oga and at three algal turfs in Hachimori, Akita Prefecture in northern Japan. The most rapid growth was observed in a large perennial fucoid bed at the climax stage. Growth in a small perennial Chondrus ocellatus‐dominated bed in algal turfs in the seral stage was then high. The slowest growth was observed in the small perennial Dictyopteris divaricata‐ and Laurencia spp.‐dominated beds which are known to possess chemicals which act as feeding deterrents against the sea urchins. The gonad index (gonad wet weight × 100/body wet weight) at a fucoid bed was high where standing crops exceeded 3 kg·m?2. The gonad index in the Laurencia bed was lower than those at fucoid beds. These results suggest that growth and gonad production are affected by algal sere and differ among species of small perennial algae in the seral stage with or without chemical defense. 相似文献
3.
Yukio Oonishi 《Journal of Oceanography》1975,31(6):259-264
A new method for a surface interpolation is proposed, in which the concept of splines under tension is applied. It is useful for the two-dimensional data analysis based on the non-linear fundamental equations in the physical oceanography. 相似文献
4.
The content of selenium and its chemical form in sea water 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
By using the new fluorometric method of determination of the total selenium ( Se), Se (IV) and Se (VI), the content of selenium in sea weter was determined in the western North Pacific. Results showed that the content of Se in surface water ranged from 0.06 to 0.12g l–1, while in deeper layers, the content increased to 0.20g l–1. It was found that Se (IV) showed rather uniform distribution with depth, while Se (VI) increased with depth to about three times that in the surface. The ratio of Se (IV) to the Se ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 in the surface and 0.4 to 0.6 in the deep. The coexistence of the hexa- and tetravalent ions of selenium was confirmed both in surface and deep layers. Some results of observations on the content of selenium in the coastal areas of Japan were also reported. 相似文献
5.
A new method of determination of selenium and separation of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in sea water is described. The selenium is determined by fluorometric method using Se-DAN complex in cyclohexane media. Prior to the fluorometric determination, Se(IV) is separated from sea water by means of Se(IV)-DDTC complex which is adsorbed on the macroreticular resin. As to the separation of the total selenium from sea water sample, the reduction and coprecipitation method is used. Se(VI) is determined with the same method as used for the total selenium after the separation of Se(IV). The average recoveries are 92.5±1.3% for Se(IV) and 97.4±0.9% for Se. The standard deviation of analytical results is below 10%. 相似文献
6.
Two numerical studies (Endoh, 1977;Harashima
et al., 1978) have been proposed on a front formed by a coupling effect of cooling of the sea surface and inflow of the fresh water in a vertical two-dimensional plane without the rotation of the earth. It is, however, not easy to interpret their numerical results. A simple interpretation will be proposed by an analytical study in this paper.It is found that local convection due to the density inversion, which is expressed by the convective adjustment of the vertical diffusion coefficient in the actual numerical calculations, plays an important role on the front formation.The characteristics of the front is also clarified in the case of steady state. Namely, simple functional dependences are obtained of the position and the width of the front, the horizontal and the vertical velocities and the distribution of the buoyancy and the salinity in the neighborhood of the front on the horizontal coordinate, the cooling rate, the eddy coefficients of diffusion and viscosity, the water depth and the vertically averaged horizontal fluxes of buoyancy and salinity. 相似文献
7.
Yoshiko Kawabata Hiroyuki Nakahara Yukio Katayama Norio Ishida 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1997,6(1):5-16
The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline.
The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L−1 since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes
since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes.
In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity),
but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were
frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower
EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae
in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that
all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing
EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash. 相似文献
8.
Candidate precursors: pulse-like geoelectric signals possibly related to recent seismic activity in Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yuji Enomoto Akito Tsutsumi Yukio Fujinawa Minoru Kasahara Hiroshi Hashimoto 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,131(3):485-494
Telemetric network observations of pulse-like geoelectric charge signals using a vertical dipole buried under the ground were undertaken at various observation sites over a wide area in Japan from April 1996. From continuous records of the signals during the six months following that, we attempted to select anomalous signals, possibly related to seismic electric activity. Special attention was paid to the elimination of noise resulting from industrial and meteorological electric activity, comparison with other electromagnetic signals in the VLF band and the relation between the precursor period and the distance from the eventual main shock that occurred in Japan. Four candidate precursor electric signals, which were not contaminated by industrial and meteorological electric activity, were then selected, of which the second appeared before the Akita-ken Nairiku-nanbu earthquake swarm, for which the maximum M = 5.9 occurred on 1996 August 11, and the third and fourth before the Chiba-ken Toho-oki earthquake, M = 6.6, on 1996 September 11. A tentative qualitative model explaining why the candidate precursory signal is related to stress building up before an earthquake is presented in terms of the electrification of gases released from fracturing rocks immediately prior to the main shock. 相似文献
9.
Paleogeographic maps of the Japanese Islands: Plate tectonic synthesis from 750 Ma to the present 总被引:73,自引:1,他引:73
Abstract A series of paleogeographic maps of the Japanese Islands, from their birth at ca 750–700 Ma to the present, is newly compiled from the viewpoint of plate tectonics. This series consists of 20 maps that cover all of the major events in the geotectonic evolution of Japan. These include the birth of Japan at the rifted continental margin of the Yangtze craton ( ca 750-700 Ma), the tectonic inversion of the continental margin from passive to active ( ca 500 Ma), the Paleozoic accretionary growth incorporating fragments from seamounts and oceanic plateaux ( ca 480-250 Ma), the collision between Sino-Korea and Yangtze (250–210 Ma), the Mesozoic to Cenozoic accretionary growth (210 Ma-present) including the formation of the Cretaceous paired metamorphic belts (90 Ma), and the Miocene back-arc opening of the Japan Sea that separated Japan as an island arc (25-15 Ma). 相似文献
10.
More than 600 specimens of ∼3.5 Ga-old hydrothermal silica dikes from the North Pole area, Pilbara craton, Western Australia, have been studied petrographically. The kerogens in 44 samples have been analyzed isotopically (C and N) and chemically (C, N, and H). The silica dikes are composed mainly of fine-grained silica (modal abundance: >97%) and are classified into two types by minor mineral assemblages: B(black)-type and G(gray)-type. The B-type silica dikes contain kerogen (0.37 to 6.72 mgC/g; average 2.44 mgC/g, n = 21) and disseminated sulfides, dominantly pyrite and Fe-poor sphalerite. In some cases, carbonate and apatite are also present. Their silica-dominated and sulfide-poor mineral assemblages suggest precipitation from low-temperature reducing hydrothermal fluid (likely 100-200°C). On the other hand, the G-type silica dikes are sulfide-free and concentrations of kerogen are relatively low (0.05 to 0.41 mgC/g; average 0.17 mgC/g, n = 13). They typically contain Fe-oxide (mainly hematite) which commonly replaces cubic pyrite and rhombic carbonate. Some G-types occur along secondary quartz veins. These textures indicate that the G-type silica dikes were formed by postdepositional metasomatism (oxidation) of the B-types, and that the B-types probably possess premetasomatic signatures. The δ13C values of kerogen in the B-types are −38.1 to −33.1‰ (average −35.9‰, n = 21), which are ∼4‰ lower than those of the G-types (−34.5 to −30.0‰; average −32.2‰, n = 19), and ∼6‰ lower than bedded chert (−31.2 to −29.4‰; average −30.5‰, n = 4). This indicates the preferential loss of 12C during the metasomatism (estimated fractionation factor: 0.9985). Considering the metasomatic effect on carbon isotopes with probably minor diagenetic and metamorphic overprints, we conclude that the original δ13C values of the kerogen in the silica dikes would have been heterogeneous (∼5‰) and at least some material had initial δ13C values of ≤ −38‰. The inferred 13C-depletions of organic carbon could have been produced by anaerobic chemoautotrophs such as methanogen, but not by aerobic photoautotrophs. This is consistent with the estimated physical and chemical condition of the hydrothermal fluid, which was probably habitable for anaerobic and thermophilic/hyperthermophilic chemoautotrophs. Alternatively, the organic matter may have been possibly produced by abiological reaction such as Fischer-Tropsch Type (FTT) synthesis under the hydrothermal condition. However, the estimated condition is inconsistent with the presence of the effective catalysts for the FTT reaction (i.e., Fe-Ni alloy, magnetite, and hematite). These lines of evidence suggest the possible existence of biosphere in the ∼3.5 Ga sub-seafloor hydrothermal system. 相似文献