库布齐沙漠几种沙生灌木叶解剖结构耐旱特征研究

采用石蜡切片法,对库布齐沙漠的主要造林灌木四翅滨藜、小叶锦鸡儿、杨柴、柽柳、互叶醉鱼草和蒙古莸等叶的解剖结构进行了显微观察。选择叶片厚度、角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织细胞长、栅栏组织细胞宽、栅栏细胞密度、CTR等多指标。结果表明,柽柳叶片厚度高于其他5种,互叶醉鱼草叶片厚度最小。互叶醉鱼草角质层厚度最厚,角质层与叶片厚度的比值大小顺序为:互叶醉鱼草>四翅滨藜>柽柳>小叶锦鸡儿>蒙古莸>杨柴。CTR大小顺序为:蒙古莸>杨柴>小叶锦鸡儿>互叶醉鱼草>四翅滨藜>柽柳。利用隶属函数综合评价,结果表明:6种树种耐旱能力大小依次为杨柴>四翅宾藜>柽柳>蒙古莸>小叶锦鸡儿>互叶醉鱼草。     

极端条件下几种锦鸡儿属灌木的生理特性

研究了土壤极端干旱和旱后复灌条件下4种锦鸡儿属灌木(黄刺条、甘蒙锦鸡儿、白皮锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿)的光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔调节、水势变化、叶绿素荧光和脯氨酸累积等特征。结果显示:土壤极端干旱叠加高温、高光辐射和低空气湿度,使4种灌木的生理活动降到极限,各项生理指标对小气候因子的变化已无明显响应;旱后复灌,使4种灌木的生理活动明显恢复,对小气候因子的变化响应明显;不同种对土壤干湿变化的响应程度不同,以甘蒙锦鸡儿变化幅度最大,以白皮锦鸡儿变化幅度最小;由土壤干湿条件下的生理响应可以说明,甘蒙锦鸡儿为一喜湿种,白皮锦鸡儿对土壤干湿变化的适应幅度较小,而以黄刺条和狭叶锦鸡儿的适应幅度最大。     

民勤4种沙生灌木的干旱胁迫响应特征研究

通过分析甘肃民勤地区梭梭、白刺、胡枝子和毛条等4种沙生灌木在干旱胁迫下的生理生态响应特征,综合评价了白刺、梭梭、毛条和胡枝子的抗旱能力。结果表明:在重度干旱胁迫下,胡枝子总生长量下降了79.95%,白刺下降幅度最小;随干旱胁迫的加重和胁迫时间的延长,4种灌木叶片相对含水量、叶片持水力均不同程度下降;4种灌木叶片中的渗透调节物质在干旱胁迫下均表现出先增长后降低的变化趋势,与其抗旱性密切相关;SOD、POD、CAT等3种抗氧化酶在梭梭、毛条和胡枝子等3种灌木中表现出先增长后下降的变化趋势,在白刺叶片中表现出持续增长的趋势。运用隶属函数法对16种抗旱指标综合评价的结果显示,4种灌木的抗旱能力由强到弱依次为:白刺梭梭毛条胡枝子。     

几种旱生灌木种子萌发特性及化学成分

研究了旱生灌木白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala)、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、羊柴(Hedysarum mongdicum)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)种子的化学成分、适宜发芽条件下的吸水发芽特性及两者之间的关系,测定和计算了其发芽率、吸水率,淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及C:N、C:P、N:P值,并分析了这些指标间的相关性,以期归纳出西北干旱荒漠区植物种子萌发适应干旱环境的基本特性。结果表明:脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、氮含量与种子的最低萌发需水量之间呈显著正相关,而种子的单一化学成分及C:N、C:P、N:P值并没有对发芽率形成显著影响。8种植物种子萌发对环境的适应机制大致可分为两类:需要外界较高水分供应,萌发迅速而集中;不需要外界较高水分的供应,萌发持续而分散。     

耐旱藓类的抗旱生理及其机理研究

耐旱藓类广泛分布于干旱及半干旱地区。本文综述分析了苔藓植物的耐旱能力和适应耐旱的形态结构和生理特征，从细胞和分子水平，对苔藓植物的耐旱机理进行了综述，并展望了我国苔藓植物的耐旱生理生态学研究前景。     

干旱沙区几种果树生理生态特性及其适应性研究

选择沙区栽培的金冠苹果、毛里斯苹果、新红星苹果、苹果梨、锦丰梨、民勤小枣等主要的经济树种及其常用砧木为研究对象,进行了各树种光合、水分生理指标和合理灌水生理指标的测试分析及各树种和其常用砧木PV曲线的绘制。分析讨论了几种果树的主要水分参数、抗旱特性及对沙区干旱环境条件的适应性,首次提出以水势和相对含水量等生理指标来确定几种主要经济树种合理灌水方案的观点和方法。同时结合几种主要经济树种在河西生态环境条件下生长表现情况,对它们在河西沙区的适应性进行了综合评价,提出河西沙区今后应以"三梨二枣和酿酒葡萄"作为经济林发展重点和方向。     

降雨量对科尔沁沙地3种沙生植物生长和生理的影响

对降水格局变化的响应是植物适应环境的重要方面。通过野外增减雨试验,研究了降水变化对科尔沁沙地3种沙生植物生长特性和生理特征的影响。结果表明：（1）6月植被平均密度最大,7月平均盖度最大,降雨量增加60%时,植被盖度最大,为58.0%。（2）增雨区的主要植物为雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）和猪毛菜（Salsola collina）,减雨区主要植物为蒺藜（Tribulus terrestris）,降雨量减少60%时,蒺藜在6、7、8月密度分别为70%、80%、79%,显著高于其他植物。（3）降雨量减少时,3种沙生植物的相对含水量（RWC）减少,而细胞膜透性增加;蒺藜RWC高于雾冰藜和猪毛菜,但是丙二醛（MDA）正好相反;蒺藜的耐脱水能力和细胞膜的耐伤害程度强于雾冰藜和猪毛菜。（4）随着降雨量的增加,3种植物的光能转化效率（F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ）逐渐增加,但随干旱天数的增加而减小。     

灌溉量对2种灌木光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

采用野外试验,研究了灌溉量对新疆策勒绿洲木沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）和花棒（Hedysarum scoparium）光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1） 随着灌溉量的增加,沙拐枣和花棒的净光合速率均增加,但是蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度没有明显增加;（2） 灌溉增加了沙拐枣的清晨水势和正午水势,并且只有灌溉和无灌溉处理的正午水势差异显著（p<0.05）;而灌溉只增加了花棒的清晨水势,并且只有充分灌溉和无灌溉的条件下差异显著（p<0.05）;（3） 在不同的灌溉条件下,沙拐枣和花棒的稳定碳同位素比率δ¹³C变化不大,沙拐枣在无灌溉、适度灌溉、充分灌溉下δ¹³C的平均值分别为-12.267、-12.147、-11.958,花棒的δ¹³C分别为-27.928、-28.068、-27.166;（4） 沙拐枣和花棒的水分利用效率均在无灌溉条件下明显高于灌溉条件下,而且一次性的灌溉不会改变其水分利用效率。     

阿拉善荒漠草地几种灌木对土壤有效态养分的影响

对阿拉善荒漠草地广泛分布的几种灌木、半灌木土壤有效态常量和微量营养元素的“肥岛”效应进行了研究。结果表明：①霸王、白刺、红砂和沙冬青提高了灌丛根部土壤速效Na、K、Fe和Mn 的含量,而降低了灌从根部土壤速效Ca、Mg的含量;驼绒藜除对土壤速效Mg含量有显著影响外,对其他元素无显著的影响。②霸王、白刺和沙冬青对速效Na、K、Fe和Mn有明显的富集作用,对速效Ca负富集作用;红砂对速效Na有极强的富集作用,EA、EB分别为37.59和52.93;除红砂和驼绒藜对速效Mg有富集作用外,其余灌丛对速效Mg无富集作用。③灌丛周围土壤pH值与速效K、Fe和Zn含量呈显著负相关,与Ca呈正相关,与速效Na无相关性。霸王、白刺、沙冬青周围土壤速效Mg含量与pH值也呈显著正相关;除了霸王外,其他灌木周围土壤速效Mn含量都与pH值呈负相关。     

脆弱生态带典型区域几种锦鸡儿属优势灌木的光合特征

小叶锦鸡儿在原产地科尔沁沙地光合速率可达12.21μmol·m^-2·s^-1,引种至腾格里沙漠后降低了11.63倍,光合日变化曲线由"凹谷"型变为"单峰"型;毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿的光合速率在引种前为4.5μmol·m^-2·s^-1,引种后降低了3倍,光合日变化曲线由"双峰"型变为"单峰"型;在相同的环境条件下,柠条和中间锦鸡儿光合等特性相似,以小叶锦鸡儿光合速率最低,引种前后降幅最大,说明其对引种地的适应性不及中间锦鸡儿。     

科尔沁沙地灌木对风沙土壤的生态效应

对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿、差巴嘎蒿和黄柳灌木阻固沙尘和保育土壤的生态效应进行了野外定株观测研究。结果表明:⑴小叶锦鸡儿阻固沙尘的能力很强,单株灌木基部的平均积沙（尘）量为0.49m³,分别是差巴嘎蒿和黄柳的3倍和16倍。⑵每一灌木种的冠幅直径、基部分枝数和分枝直径均与灌木基部的积沙（尘）量有显著的正相关关系,其中冠幅直径对积沙（尘）量的影响最大,决定系数为0.18～0.58（P<0.05,n=30）。⑶三种灌木对土壤有机质、全P、全N和速效P都有不同程度的富集作用,其中对土壤有机质的富集作用更为明显;不同灌木种间,小叶锦鸡儿对土壤有机质和全N的富集作用略大于差巴嘎蒿和黄柳。     

Effects of shrubs and precipitation on spatial-temporal variability of soil temperature in microhabitats induced by desert shrubs

Soil temperatures at 0, 5, 10 and 20 cm depths were monitored continuously at different microhabitats (beneath shrub canopy (BSC); bare intershrub spaces (BIS)) induced by xerophytic shrub (Caragana korshinskii Kom.) canopy, respectively. We mainly aimed to assess the effects of shrub canopy and precipitation on the spatial-temporal variability of soil temperature. Results indicate that both precipitation and vegetation canopy significantly affect soil temperature. In clear days, soil temperatures within the BSC area were significantly lower than in the BIS at the same soil depth due to shading effects of shrub canopy. Diurnal variations of soil temperature show a unimodal sinusoidal curve. The amplitude of soil temperature tended to decrease and a hysteresis of diurnal maximum soil temperature existed at deeper soil layers. Vertical fluctuations of soil temperature displayed four typical curves. In the nighttime (approximately from sunset to sunrise), surface temperature within the BSC area was higher than in the BIS. In rainy days, however, soil temperatures were affected mainly by precipitation and the shrub canopy had a negligible effect on soil temperature, and little difference in soil temperature at the same soil depth was found between the BSC area and in the BIS. Diurnal variations in soil temperature decreased exclusively as rainfall continued and the vertical fluctuations of soil temperature show an increased tendency with increasing soil depth.     

模糊隶属法在塔里木河荒漠植物抗旱性评价中的应用

以塔里木河荒漠河岸乔木、灌木、草本植被的代表植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和罗布麻(Apocynum venetumas)为研究对象,对塔里木河下游不同区段、不同地下水位状况下胡杨、柽柳和罗布麻体内叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)等主要生理指标和地下水位进行了测定。运用国际通用软件SAS6.12对这十项生理指标和地下水位之间的关系进行了相关性分析,结果表明:亚哈甫马汗断面的柽柳对地下水位的生理响应最为敏感。其次是胡杨和罗布麻;阿拉干断面的差异不大;在所测的十项生理指标中,丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脱落酸(ABA)对地下水位变化的敏感度最高,其次为过氧化物酶(POD)、生长素(IAA)和分裂素(CK);地下水位是影响塔里木河流域植被生理特性的主要环境因子。在相关分析的基础上运用平均隶属函数法对这三种植物进行抗旱性排序,结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,植物各种生理代谢过程协同作用,共同抵御干旱胁迫,以减少其受伤害程度;就抗旱能力而言,胡杨>柽柳>罗布麻。     

Advanced studies on adaptation of desert shrubs to environmental stress

The combined stress of drought, high temperature and excessive light characterizes the desert area. In order to survive the desert habitat, desert shrubs have evolved a number of special eco-physiological mechanisms to resist environmental stress during long-term evolution. In this paper, adaptation mechanisms of desert shrubs to environmental stress are reviewed in terms of morphological structure, water potential, photosynthesis and water use efficiency, transpiration and stomatal conductance, osmotic adjustment and anti-oxidation protection. In addition, some suggestions for future research are proposed.     

Ecophysiology of two Sonoran Desert evergreen shrubs during extreme drought

Recent drought across the desert Southwest US may strongly affect the physiological functioning of evergreen desert species that maintain leaves through these dry periods. In July 2002 we compared the ecophysiological performance of the open-canopied, small-leaved creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) to the dense-canopied, more broad-leaved jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) growing on a ridge-top, east- and west-facing slopes to assess how differences in leaf habit and exposure affect these species' ability to withstand severe drought. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) from 100 years precipitation data showed July 2002 rainfall was normal, but the 12-month period ending July 2002 was of extreme aridity (SPI = ?2.71). Predawn water potentials were extremely low, and lower in jojoba (?8.1 to ?9.5 MPa) than in Larrea (?6.6 to ?9.4 MPa). Chlorophyll fluorescence showed jojoba had more consistent photochemical performance than Larrea across three exposures, having higher optimal photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (F_v/F_m), lower light-adapted PSII yield, and better ability to thermally dissipate light energy (i.e. higher NPQ), especially in inner-canopy jojoba leaves. These findings suggest jojoba may better cope with high light under drought conditions, and that canopy shading in jojoba may reduce high-light stress. Moreover, lower F_v/F_m, NPQ and high PSII yields in Larrea was similar between east-facing and ridge-top locations, but achieved levels similar to jojoba on west-facing exposures. These findings suggest these drought-tolerant evergreens rely on different physiological mechanisms to cope with high light under extreme drought conditions.     

古尔班通古特沙漠沙丘主要灌木的种群数量动态

种群数量动态的研究是认识种群的生存现状及发展动态的前提。通过对古尔班通古特沙漠固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘上主要固沙灌木的样地调查,分析了固沙灌木的年龄结构,建立了3种沙丘上固沙灌木的静态生命表和存活曲线。结果表明：（1）固沙灌木的存活个体数呈逐级递减的趋势,幼龄个体占有很高的比例;固定沙丘上梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）呈现Ⅰ型存活曲线,种群退化,白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）呈现Ⅱ型存活曲线,种群稳定;（2）半固定沙丘上白梭梭呈Ⅱ型存活曲线,种群相对稳定;沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）均呈现Ⅰ型存活曲线,种群处于退化状态;（3）流动沙丘上沙拐枣呈现Ⅲ型存活曲线,种群有较大的增长潜力,白梭梭呈现出Ⅱ型存活曲线,种群相对稳定,油蒿呈现出Ⅰ型存活曲线,种群处于不稳定的退化状态。     

Contrasting nutrient-capture strategies in shrubs and grasses of a Patagonian arid ecosystem

Shallow-rooted grasses and deep-rooted shrubs dominate arid ecosystems where nitrogen is concentrated in the upper layers of the soil and water is distributed throughout. Analysis of mineral nitrogen and absorption patterns using a tracer indicated that shrubs in Patagonia absorbed nutrients from the lower, relatively nutrient-poor layers of the soil. Are they, consequently, at a competitive disadvantage with grasses that have the opposite pattern? Studies of nitrogen economy indicated that shrub and grass species have similar N-use efficiency but that they achieve it through opposite mechanisms. Shrubs have a conservative N economy absorbing annually only small fraction of their N content, whereas grasses have a more open N economy. This study about N-capture strategies in conjunction with previous studies about water-use by shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian Steppe suggest a coupling of N and water-capture strategies. Our findings have implications for the response of arid and semiarid ecosystems to global warming, nitrogen deposition, and biodiversity change. For example, climate change scenarios predict, for most arid regions, decreases in moisture availability that will result in a reduction in deep water, which in turn will reduce shrub density and result in a less conservative nitrogen economy.     

祁连山东段山地典型灌丛枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能研究

为探讨高寒地区灌丛枯落物层及土壤层的水源涵养功能,以祁连山东段6种典型灌丛的枯落物和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内浸泡相结合的方法,对枯落物及土壤水文特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)6种灌丛枯落物的蓄积量范围为0.23～3.61 t·hm-2,大小排序为山生柳>硬叶柳>绣线菊>金露梅>头花杜鹃>千里香杜鹃.(2)枯...     

Root distribution of three co-occurring desert shrubs and their physiological response to precipitation

Root distribution of three desert shrubs,Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica(Pall.) Maxim.was investigated under co-occurring conditions using a method for excavating the whole root system.Assimilation shoot water potential and transpiration rates were monitored during the wet-dry cycle.Leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance and the index of water stress impact for the three species were calculated from shoot water potential and transpiration rate.The results showed that,along the soil profile,the root system of T.ramosissima mainly distributed at 50 to 310 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 30,249.2 cm2 per plant;the root system of H.ammodendraom distributed at 0 to 250 cm interval with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 12,847.3 cm2 per plant;the root system of R.soongorica distributed at 0-80 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 361.8 cm2.The root distribution shows the following:T.ramosissima uses groundwater as its main water source;H.ammodendraom uses both groundwater and rainwater;and R.soongorica uses rainwater only.During the wet-dry cycle,the hydraulic parameters of T.ramosissima showed no responses to precipitation.R.soongorica responded most significantly,and the responses of H.ammodendraom were intermediate.In conclusion,the plant response to rain events is closely related to their root distribution and plant water-use strategy.     

Horizontal and vertical zones of influence for root systems of four Mojave Desert shrubs

Horizontal and vertical zones of influence for root systems of four Mojave Desert shrubs were characterized using ³²P as a nutrient tracer. Larrea tridentata's horizontal zone of influence was sparse near the plant's stem base, with a maximum probability of accessing ³²P (P_max) of 41%. However, its horizontal zone of influence extended beyond 5 m, and the distance from the stem base at which the probability of accessing ³²P was half P_max (L₅₀3 m) was significantly greater than the other three shrubs. Ambrosia dumosa's zone of influence was dense near the plant's stem base (P_max78%), but was rare at distances >2 m (L₅₀1 m). Zones of influence for Lycium andersonii and Lycium pallidum were intermediate between those of L. tridentata and A. dumosa. For vertical zones of influence, L. tridentata was more likely to obtain ³²P from 5 m soil depths than A. dumosa, but L. pallidum was not significantly different from either A. dumosa or L. tridentata. Horizontal zones of influence did not change with treatments that altered soil water and nitrogen availability, but vertical zones of influence increased with a flood irrigation treatment that increased water availability to 5 m soil depth. These differences among species likely reflect compromises between their shoot growth strategies and their need to acquire spatially and temporally limited soil resources, especially through competitive interactions.