贡嘎山东坡土壤有机质及氮素分布特征

The distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen on Gongga Mountain was studied in this paper. The results showed that the content of SOM and nitrogen (N) of A horizon had an ascending trend with the increase of the elevation. The vegetation types distributed higher than the mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forest have the irregular trends. In the transitional zone vegetation such as mixed trees and treeline, the content of SOM and N is higher than other vegetation types. The distribution of SOM and N of A horizon is dependent on the synthetic effect of climate and vegetation types. The vertical distribution of SOM and N in soil profiles has the similar trends for all kinds of vegetation types, i.e., the content of A horizon is higher than that of the B and C horizons, which is the same to the distribution of dead animal and plant in soil. The soil C:N is between 7 and 25, which is relatively low comparing to the appropriate C:N of 25-30. The ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen (C:N) increases with the increase of the elevation, but its vertical distribution in soil horizons varies with different vegetation types. The N exists in SOM mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and the soil C:N correlates significantly with SOM.     

北疆地区的水化学组成特征及其影响因素

流域尺度上的水化学组成特征和来源会受到何种因素的影响和限制,是研究区乃至全球环境变化的焦点问题,需要综合考虑不同地表要素和环境下的天然水体来揭示其答案。本文选择北疆地区的三大水系（伊犁水系、准噶尔水系、额尔齐斯水系）开展水化学组成研究,以期认识中亚造山带中部干旱环境下典型水系的水化学组成特征、成因及其影响因素。本研究利用已采集的北疆三大水系天然水样品及其水化学组成分析数据,同时系统收集了北疆及其周边地区文献资料,并与其他中纬度地区和国际典型气候带地区进行了综合对比。综合数据分析结果表明,北疆水系的河流溶解性固体总浓度（TDS值）普遍高于中国季风区和湿润地区河流,也高于世界平均水平;水体的主要阴阳离子分别以Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-占主导地位;主量离子间相对浓度与中国东部季风区河流类似,也与世界大部分以碳酸盐岩风化为主导的河流相似。岩石风化作用在水化学成因上对北疆大部分地区都占据主导地位;进一步定量的结果发现,不同来源对天然水溶质贡献量大小的顺序为：蒸发岩溶解>碳酸盐岩风化>硅酸盐岩风化>大气降水,证明了蒸发岩溶解和碳酸盐岩风化的主导地位。对比硅酸盐岩风化与碳酸盐岩风化,北疆水系的中低地形区硅酸盐岩影响更大,海拔较高的山地地区则碳酸盐岩影响更大。区域降水、水热组合、径流、岩性等因素都对水化学过程产生重要的影响,但与温度的关系不明显,与流域物理侵蚀过程及其季节变化等的关系尚不明确,需要开展进一步的研究工作。     

贡嘎山海螺沟土壤环境背景值特征

贡嘎山海螺沟土壤环境背景复杂,土壤元素背影值中,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn和F都高于全国土壤的背景水平,而元素Cd,As,Se则相反;各土类间同一元素含量的变化不大;成土母质对土壤元素含量的影响深刻;土壤元素含量的垂直分异规律不明显。     

西藏山南地区沉错湖泊与径流水化学特征及主控因素初探

选取枪勇冰川径流-卡鲁雄曲（河）-沉错（湖）为研究区域,开展高原湖泊及其补给河流与冰川径流的水化学特征研究,并探讨影响主离子组成的主控因素。结果表明：夏季湖水主要离子呈均匀混合状态,pH值、电导率、TDS及优势阴阳离子在整个湖泊空间上变化不显著;总体上,从上游冰川融水径流、河水至下游湖泊,离子浓度呈现上升趋势;融水径流及河水的水化学类型主要受岩石风化作用控制,表现为SO₄^2--Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺类型;沉错湖水的水化学类型主要受蒸发结晶作用控制,表现为SO₄^2--Na⁺-Ca²⁺类型,在蒸发作用下Ca²⁺逐渐沉淀析出,Na⁺浓度不断升高而成为绝对优势阳离子。     

陕西黑河流域地下水水化学特征

2017年在秦岭黑河流域7个采样点进行地下水样品采集。通过综合分析、Gibbs图、Piper三角图、主要离子比值法、主成分分析法得出黑河地下水化学成分的特点、水化学类型及其成因。结果表明:阳离子的主要组成成分是Ca^2+,HCO3^-是阴离子的主要组成成分,黑河流域地下水化学类型为HCO3^--Ca^2+和SO4^2--HCO3^--Ca^2+型。Gibbs图分析得出该地下水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;Piper三角图、主要离子比值法、主成分分析及相关分析表明,地下水化学组分主要受方解石、白云岩等碳酸盐岩矿物的风化溶解,同时伴有硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩,受硅酸盐岩的溶解控制作用较小。     

流域化学风化与河流水化学研究综述与展望

工业革命以来大气CO2浓度不断上升,其源汇机制和时空变化成为学界关注的焦点。岩石特别是硅酸盐类岩石的化学风化是全球生物地球化学循环的重要碳汇。控制化学风化速率的因素较为复杂,各因素作用的机理和重要性还不完全明确。源于人类排放的H2SO4普遍参与到化学风化过程中,这加快了流域化学风化的速率,但这一过程对碳汇效应的影响机理尚缺乏足够的研究。当前河流水化学研究中用来判断河水化学类型及离子来源的方法可分为定性和定量两类,前者有Gibbs图法、三角图法和端元图法等;后者包括质量平衡法和同位素示踪法等。目前对影响流域化学风化速率因素的研究多侧重于对单一环境要素与风化速率之间响应关系的分析,在今后的研究中有必要介入更为严谨的数理统计方法;有关硫酸参与流域化学风化过程的研究成果还较少,随着酸雨现象日趋严重,这一课题的重要性日渐突出;在短时间尺度上碳酸盐岩化学风化的碳汇效应不可忽视,今后应加强对其研究。     

天山哈密榆树沟流域春洪期水化学特征及其控制因素研究

2013年4月26日-5月2日,逐日采集哈密榆树沟流域下游榆树沟水文站点的河水样。综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、Gibbs图、阴阳离子三角图示法,对主要的化学离子、pH值、电导率EC、总可溶性固体TDS进行了分析。结果表明:榆树沟流域春洪期径流水体呈弱碱性;HCO3-、Ca2+是阴、阳离子中最主要的离子,Ca2+质量浓度占阳离子总数的74.31%,HCO3-质量浓度占阴离子总数的82.07%;水化学类型为HCO3--Ca2+;径流中主要离子组成、TDS、EC、pH值受即时径流量的调节作用不大,岩石的风化作用是水化学主要离子来源的主要控制因素,其中主要来源于石灰岩等碳酸盐岩的风化。     

西藏纳木错东部湖水及入湖河流水化学特征初步研究

对西藏纳木错东部湖区中不同点位的湖水和周边不同位置的入湖河流进行取样,水化学分析结果表明:在主要阴阳离子组成中,Na+和Ca2+分别是湖水和河水的主要阳离子,分别占其阳离子总量的72.4%和71.9%.而湖水和河水的主要阴离子都是Hco3-,分别占其阴离子总量的71.9%和91.2%.从水化学的控制影响因素来看,纳木错湖水主要受蒸发-结晶作用控制,而河水则主要受岩石风化作用影响,其中碳酸盐和硅酸盐的风化影响最为重要,其次是部分蒸发岩的溶解,而区域内湖水蒸发与大气海盐传输也有一定的贡献.     

贡嘎山东坡土壤有机质及氮素分布特征

对贡嘎山东坡自然垂直带土壤有机质和氮素的分布特征的研究表明,贡嘎山东坡表层土壤有机质和全氮含量随海拔升高有上升趋势,但在针阔混交林以上出现波动,在群落过渡带处出现显著峰值,气候和植被类型的综合作用决定了有机质和氮素的空间分布。土壤有机质和氮素在土壤剖面中的垂直分布趋势一致,凋落物层和土壤A层高于B、C层,这与动植物残体在土壤中的垂直分布格局类似。群落过渡带在腐殖质A层出现氮素累积峰。土壤碳氮比介于7~25之间,相对较低,利于土壤腐殖质化和有机氮矿化。碳氮比随海拔升高而升高,在土壤剖面中的分布随植被类型不同而有所差异。土壤中的氮素主要以有机氮的形式存在于土壤有机质中,土壤碳氮比与有机质含量显著相关。     

青海省尕斯库勒盐湖卤水水化学特征初步研究

通过尕斯库勒盐湖3种卤水(盐田卤水、晶间卤水和湖表卤水)的水化学成分、化学类型、相图研究,初步揭示了该湖不同类型卤水的水化学特征。研究表明,3种卤水的Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-均比柴达木盆地盐湖平均值高,尤以盐田卤水为高,然而K+、Na+相对较低。微量离子均匀性:晶间卤水>湖表卤水>盐田卤水;主要离子均匀性:湖表卤水>晶间卤水>盐田卤水。卤水划分为硫酸镁亚型和氯化物型两类,没有发现硫酸钠亚型和碳酸盐型。其中,盐田卤水全部为氯化物型;晶间卤水既有硫酸镁亚型也有氯化物型,硫酸镁亚型占41.67%,氯化物型占58.33%;湖表卤水大部分为氯化物型。总体而言,卤水变质程度较深,其中盐田卤水变质最深,湖表卤水次之,晶间卤水变质程度较浅。盐田卤水、晶间卤水、湖表卤水在Na+,K+,Mg2+∥Cl-,SO24--H2O五元体系介稳相图中的位置差别较大,表明各类卤水在演化阶段上存在较大差别。     

中国主要流域盆地风化剥蚀率的控制因素

利用中国40余条主要河流及其支流的沉积物和溶解质载荷分别去表征流域盆地的物理剥蚀率和化学风化率。研究发现,中国流域盆地的总剥蚀率明显高于世界平均值,且具有南北低中间高的地理分布特点,黄河中游的皇甫川机械和总剥蚀率是世界上已知的最高值。根据流域盆地的机械剥蚀率、化学风化率和总剥蚀率及其影响因子之间的相关分析,得出中国流域盆地中的机械剥蚀率在总剥蚀率中占主导地位,机械剥蚀率和总剥蚀率主要由流域的干旱指数和相对高差来控制,不同流域之间总剥蚀率72%的差异是由于这两个参数所造成的。而化学风化率在总剥蚀率中总是处于次要地位,它主要受到流域年均降水量和气温的影响(39%),且不受机械剥蚀率的控制。流域盆地自身属性、径流量、最高海拔和森林覆盖率对流域岩石的风化剥蚀率影响不大。构造活动提高了流域的机械剥蚀率和化学风化率,且对机械剥蚀率的影响更强烈。与世界流域盆地相比,中国流域盆地受到流域干旱指数的影响更为显著。     

镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征

对镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度及元素迁移特征进行了研究, 结合与黄土高原第四纪黄土、古土壤、晚第三纪红粘土以及安徽宣城风成红土等典型风成堆积剖面的对比分析, 得出如下结论: (1) 镇江下蜀土剖面经历了中等强度的化学风化, 明显强于洛川黄土以及古土壤, 显著弱于宣城风成红土, 而与西峰晚第三纪红粘土非常接近。下蜀土的化学风化过程及 其与其他风成堆积剖面风化强度的差异主要受气候条件的控制, 气候条件通过年平均温度和年降水量对化学风化的地球化学环境起重要的影响, 其中降水因素在化学风化过程中可能起着更为重要的制约作用。(2) 镇江下蜀土剖面风化过程中, 绝大部分常量元素的地球化学行为 表现为迁移淋失, 仅Fe 和Ti 轻微富集, 元素的活动性由强至弱依次为: P > Na > Ca > Mg > K > Fe²⁺ > Si > Mn > Al > Ti > Fe³⁺; 常量元素的迁移特征揭示下蜀土的化学风化已经完成初级阶段的去Ca、Na 过程, 并初步进入到去K 风化的中级阶段; 微量元素除Sr、Ga 迁移淋 失外, Th、Ba、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、V 等均表现出富集特征, 这可能与下蜀土风化成壤过 程中的生物地球化学过程以及粘粒、有机质对微量元素的吸附作用有关。(3) 元素迁移在剖面 中的变化特征揭示, 在0.24 Ma 之前的中更新世早、中期, 该区气候较为暖湿, 兼有干湿交替的特征; 中更新世晚期气候偏干凉, 风化淋溶最弱; 至晚更新世早期则又出现一段明显暖湿的成壤时期, 形成下蜀土剖面中的S1 古土壤层。总之, 中更新世以来本区气候整体上向干凉的方向发展。     

珠江三角洲滨海小流域离子化学特征及来源分析

在分析中山大学滨海小流域水循环综合试验基地内雨水、河水和地下水离子组分的基础上,讨论了该小流域内水体离子化学组分的特征及来源。结果显示:①河水中TDS变化范围为28.97～44.64 mg/l,平均值为33.90 mg/l;在离子化学组成中,阳离子以Na++K+为主,阴离子以Cl-和HCO3-为主;雨水中TDS的变化范围为0.88～26.07 mg/l,平均值为8.42 mg/l,离子含量变化幅度较大;地下水TDS变化范围为39.49～113.16 mg/l,均值为58.11 mg/l,约为流域河水的2倍,雨水的7倍;②海盐沉降中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、SO42-的贡献率:雨季分别为6%、60%、47%、2%和15%,旱季分别为3%、41%、54%、2%、9%;③硅酸盐风化中,雨季:(Ca/Na)sil=0.31,(Mg/K)sil=0.21;旱季:(Ca/Na)sil=0.36,(Mg/K)sil=0.27;CO2消耗率为12.4 t/(km2.a);④河水中的NO3-和(SO42-)res主要来源于大气酸沉降,且具有旱季含量低、雨季含量高的特点;⑤R1潜水井受到一定程度的NO3-污染,NO3-的...     

镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper.（1）The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering.It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering.（2）The major elements such as Si,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Mn and P were migrated and leached,while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched.The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na,and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K.Except the elements Sr and Ga,other trace elements such as Th,Ba,Cu,Zn,Co,Ni,Cr and V were enriched.It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials.（3）The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene.At the end of the middle Pleistocene,it became dry and cool.At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene,the paleoclimate became warm and wet again.As a whole,the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.     

Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper. (1) The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering. It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering. (2) The major elements such as Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn and P were migrated and leached, while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched. The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na, and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K. Except the elements Sr and Ga, other trace elements such as Th, Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr and V were enriched. It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials. (3) The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, it became dry and cool. At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene, the paleoclimate became warm and wet again. As a whole, the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.     

贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验和研究进展

贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站于1987年正式建站。近20 a来,开展了水、土、气、生等多方面的长期监测与试验,并以环境变化下的亚高山森林生态研究为主线,以生态过程和水文过程为核心,对贡嘎山及其邻近地区的现代自然生态环境特征、森林生态系统结构与功能、冰冻圈演化与动态和第四纪以来的环境演变等展开了多学科研究,为推动我国山地科学和森林生态研究发展做出了重要贡献。在对近20 a来贡嘎山站的研究成果进行总结的基础上,提出了今后应重点加强研究的领域。     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas Al2O3 tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe2O3 is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K2O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K2O is relatively leaching and Na2O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas A1₂O₃ tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe₂O₃ is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K₂O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K₂O is relatively leaching and Na₂O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊及地下水化学特征

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠丘间湖泊和古日乃、雅布赖、阿拉善右旗等地及其周围浅层地下水离子化学成分分析,探讨了沙漠地区湖水与地下水化学成分特点、水化学类型、空间变化和湖水补给来源。结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊水的pH、盐度、TDS和电导率均远远大于地下水。湖水样品中Na⁺和Cl^-含量占绝对优势,大多数盐度较高的湖泊属于Na(K)-Cl-(SO₄) 型,个别盐度较低的微咸湖属于Na-(Mg)-(Ca)-Cl-(SO₄)-(HCO₃) 型。地下水的化学类型多数为Na-(Ca)-(Mg)-Cl-(SO₄)-(HCO₃)型,属微咸水,个别为Na-Cl-SO4型的咸水。沙漠东南部湖群水的pH值、盐度、TDS和电导率比较低,呈微碱性,属微咸湖;而北部湖群水的pH、盐度、TDS和电导率远远大于东南部湖群,呈中等碱性,为盐水湖。湖水离子化学特征显示沙漠东南部湖群自南向北的演化趋势为：微咸湖→咸水湖→盐水湖。湖水离子化学成分短时间序列变化指示,近9 年宝日陶勒盖、巴丹东湖、巴丹西湖、诺尔图、呼和吉林湖水中的大多数离子的含量有所降低,表明其近9 年来淡水补给量增多。湖水化学成分与湖水位高度显示,巴丹吉林沙漠湖群湖水流向是由东南流向西北。水化学成分和水位分布高度表明,该区沙漠湖水主要来自当地降水补给和来自沙漠东南缘雅布赖山和南缘的黑山头山地降水的补给,而来自祁连山区来水补给的可能性很小。