KSS31M型海洋重力仪在海边静态观测的结果——兼与栾锡武先生商榷

本文介绍了在海边进行的为期32 d的KSS31M海洋重力仪静态观测结果,试验数据表明：KSS31M海洋重力仪可以清晰地记录重力固体潮理论值的变化,精度优于0.1×10-5 m·s-2（即常用的0.1 mGal）;潮汐海浪对重力仪观测数据产生了很大的影响,重力观测值表现出曲线变化特征,周期与海潮周期一致,变化幅度高达1.7×10-5 m·s-2;重力仪的月漂移小于1.7×10-5 m·s-2.     

鲜水河-安宁河断裂带深部构造特征、固体潮应力变化与地震触发相关性研究

本研究通过反演241,561条纵波和209,363条横波高质量的地震走时数据,获得了鲜水河、安宁河断裂带的P波、S波以及泊松比的三维结构模型,并结合相位分析与Schuster测试讨论了该断裂带上地震事件的触发与其深部构造以及固体潮所产生的应力变化三者之间的关系.结果表明,鲜水河—安宁河断裂带26.5°N、28°N、29.5°N以及31.5°N四个位置附近存在低速、高泊松比异常,可能暗示着深部流体（包括部分熔融物质）的上涌.这些大范围分布的流体提高了孕震层的孔隙流体压力,削弱了断层面之间摩擦力,在鲜水河—安宁河断裂带形成了一些具有高度地震活动性的区域.此外,相位分析与Schuster测试的结果表明,鲜水河—安宁河断裂带附近的地震触发与固体潮剪切应力的变化密切相关.综合分析的结果表明,固体潮与构造应力对地震触发可能存在某种"合"的关系.在分布着大量流体的区域,地震事件可能对固体潮更加敏感.     

利用地倾斜固体潮汐资料提取异常的新方法

地倾斜固体潮分析中根据固体潮汐的畸变、趋势、上升、下降、转折等变化特征,提取地震前兆异常信息。本文基于地倾斜固体潮汐可计算的特点和时程变化特征,提出一种新的地倾斜异常提取定量方法和指标。经过对延庆地倾斜固体潮观测资料的初步分析表明,预测误差比特征参量在中强地震前存在明显的前兆变化,说明预测误差比特征参量的计算模型是合理的,结果是有意义的。     

THE MECHANISM OF DIURNAL VARIATION IN CONSECUTIVE APPARENT RESISTIVITY OBSERVATION

Parts of the consecutive apparent resistivity monitoring stations of China have recorded clear diurnal variations. The relative amplitudes of diurnal variations at these stations range from 1.3‰ to 5.8‰. The daily accuracies of apparent resistivity observation are better than 1‰, because the background electromagnetic noise is rather low at these stations. Therefore, the diurnal variations of apparent resistivity recorded at these stations are real phenomena. The diurnal variation shapes can be divided into two opposite types according to their characteristics. One type is that the apparent resistivity data decreases during the daytime but increases during the nighttime(Type 1). The other type is the apparent resistivity data increases during the daytime but decreases during the nighttime(Type 2). There is a correspondence between the diurnal and annual variation patterns of apparent resistivity. For the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 1, the apparent resistivity decreases in summer and increases in winter. However, for the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 2, the apparent resistivity increases in summer and decreases in winter. We take an analysis on the mechanism of apparent resistivity diurnal variation, combining the influence factors of water-bearing medium's resistivity, the electric structure of stations, and the apparent resistivity sensitivity coefficient(SC)theory. Intuitively, diurnal variation of apparent resistivity is caused by diurnal variation of medium resistivity in the measured area. The diurnal variation of medium resistivity will inevitably be caused by the factors with diurnal variation. Among the possible factors, there is diural variation in earth tide and temperature. Our analysis displays that apparent resistivity diurnal variation is not caused by the usually-believed earth tide, but by the ground temperature difference between daytime and nighttime. The earth tide strain is too small to cause remarkable effects on the apparent resistivity data. On the other hand, the daily tide strain has two peak-valley variations, and its phase and amplitude has a period of approximate 28 days. However, the apparent resistivity data do not show these corresponding features to earth tide. Furthermore, the detection range of current apparent resistivity stations is within a depth of several hundred meters. Within this depth range, the medium deformation caused by solid tide can be regarded as uniform change. Therefore, all monitoring directions and all stations will have the same pattern of diurnal variation. In general, the temperature increases in the daytime but decreases in the nighttime. For most water-bearing rock and soil medium, its resistivity decreases as temperature increases and increases as temperature decreases. Diurnal temperature difference affects about 0.4m of soil depth. Therefore, resistivity of this surface thin soil layer decreases in the daytime while increases in the nighttime. Under layered medium model, SC of each layer represents its contribution to the apparent resistivity. For the stations with positive SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity decreases in the daytime but increases in the nighttime. While for the stations with negative SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity diurnal variations display the opposite shape.     

一种弦频式钻孔应变仪

本文给出3ZX——79型弦频式钻孔应变仪的性能及主要指标.其灵敏度,日稳定度、内符合精度均已达到10-9.从两年多来的连续实测资料表明,所测到的日应变固体潮大潮幅度在4——510-8;小潮幅度在2——310-8.地球表层年应变幅为10-6数量级;震前地壳应变前兆信息在10-7数量级上.从而表明:采用我国自己研制的高精度钻孔应变仪,为地球科学各项主要参数的测量研究、探索地震预报,提供了一种可能.     

武汉九峰地震台超导重力仪观测分析研究

连续重力观测和GPS的技术结合能够监测到物质迁移和地壳垂直形变之间的量化关系.和相对重力测量以及绝对重力测量技术相比,其避免了时间分辨率和观测精度低,无法精细描述观测周期内的物质迁移过程问题.本文利用武汉九峰地震台超导重力仪SGC053超过13000 h连续重力观测数据;同址观测的绝对重力仪观测结果;气压数据;周边GPS观测结果;GRACE卫星的时变重力场;全球水储量模型等资料,采用同址观测技术、调和分析法、相关分析方法在扣除九峰地震台潮汐、气压、极移和仪器漂移的基础上,利用重力残差时间序列和GPS垂直位移研究物质迁移和地壳垂直形变之间的量化关系.结果表明:在改正连续重力观测数据的潮汐、气压、极移的影响后,不仅准确观测到2009年的夏秋两季由于水负荷引起的约(6~8)×10-8m·s-2短期的重力变化.而且在扣除2.18×10-8(m·s-2)/a仪器漂移和水负荷的影响后,验证了本地区长短趋势垂直形变和重力变化之间具有一致的负相关性规律.同时长趋势表明该地区地壳处于下沉,重力处于增大过程,增加速率约为1.79×10-8(m·s-2)/a.武汉地区重力梯度关系约为-354×10-8(m·s-2)/m.     

溧阳体应变观测资料综合分析

江苏省溧阳体应变自1994年开始观测以来，经历了1994年至2000年以整点值为主的模拟观测，和2001年至今以分钟值为主的数字化观测两个阶段，对这两个观测阶段观测资料变化形态、观测质量和观测精度、潮汐因子中误差、地震波记录能力等参数进行对比研究，同时采用固体潮汐残差矢量分析方法，对溧阳台1996年以来的观测资料进行了计算分析。结果表明：①溧阳台数字化观测和模拟观测资料的形态、观测精度、方差、潮汐因子中误差、相位滞后等参数无显著差异；影响观测资料精度的主要因素是仪器故障、水位、气压、气温等；②溧阳体应变固体潮汐残差矢量对1996年11月9日长江口6．1级地震异常特征明显，映震效果显著。     

20th Century sea-level change along the eastern US: Unravelling the contributions from steric changes, Greenland ice sheet mass balance and Late Pleistocene glacial loading

We have considered the influence of ocean temperature and salinity changes, mass changes of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) and the isostatic response of the solid earth to the most recent glacial cycle on 20th century sea-level change along the US east coast with the intention of better understanding the observed signal as well as determining the potential of the tide gauge data for constraining the recent (past 50–100 yr) mass balance of the GIS and earth viscosity structure. Our results show that the signal due to steric changes is large and displays a complex spatial variation which can account for a significant portion of the observed signal. In contrast, that due to changes in the GIS is relatively small and insensitive to the specific geometry of the mass balance model adopted. As a consequence, the tide gauge data alone are not capable of providing useful constraints on either the magnitude or form of recent GIS mass balance. Our inference of mantle viscosity structure based on the tide gauge data was affected dramatically when the steric effect was accounted for: An earth model with an upper mantle viscosity of 8 × 10¹⁹ Pa s and a lower mantle viscosity of 5 × 10²² Pa s produced the best fit to the steric-corrected data; the optimal fit to the uncorrected data was obtained for upper and lower mantle viscosities of 5 × 10²⁰ Pa s and 10²² Pa s, respectively.     

地电阻率年变化与气象因素及水位的关系

为了消除d_s 观测资料中的年周期变化,对宝坻、塘沽地震台的地电阻率观测资料与台站附近地区的气压、气温、相对湿度、水位及海水水位的同期资料进行了相关处理分析, 并对地电阻率年周期变化产生的原因进行了分析,认为产生地电阻率与气象要素年周期变化的外因是同一源场作用的结果。 而地电阻率变化的内因,则是基于地下咸水层厚度的改变及地壳应力场的变化。 采用最小二乘法由气象参量和水位变化拟合出地电阻率模型值, 并计算出观测值与拟合值的残差,以消除电阻率观测资料中的年周期变化。结果表明, 近年来华北地区发生的 6级左右地震前,在宝坻、塘沽地震台的观测资料中均存在明显的短期前兆异常。     

水井（鲁07井）的管径变化和对固体潮的响应

本文介绍了鲁07井管径变化对固体潮响应的观测情况,通过对在不同管径中的水位分别做调和分析,得出了管径变化对潮汐振幅影响不大,而对位相有3.8°滞后的结果.然后从理论上计算了这种影响,理论结果和观测结果符合得相当好.并讨论了井水位固体潮系数和响应位相滞后与井径及干扰周期之间的关系.     

水井(鲁07井)的管径变化和对固体潮的响应

本文介绍了鲁07井管径变化对固体潮响应的观测情况,通过对在不同管径中的水位分别做调和分析,得出了管径变化对潮汐振幅影响不大,而对位相有3.8°滞后的结果.然后从理论上计算了这种影响,理论结果和观测结果符合得相当好.并讨论了井水位固体潮系数和响应位相滞后与井径及干扰周期之间的关系.     

水井（鲁07井）的管径变化和对固体潮的响应

本文介绍了鲁07井管径变化对固体潮响应的观测情况,通过对在不同管径中的水位分别做调和分析,得出了管径变化对潮汐振幅影响不大,而对位相有3.8°滞后的结果.然后从理论上计算了这种影响,理论结果和观测结果符合得相当好.并讨论了井水位固体潮系数和响应位相滞后与井径及干扰周期之间的关系.     

地下水潮汐现象的物理机制和统一数学方程

用新的分层承压含水层模式 ,不但考虑含水层的力学压缩性质 ,而且考虑含水层的渗流特性 ,并结合扰动信息源的频率特性 ,分别研究扰动源地球固体潮、大气潮和地表负荷潮对承压井水位和流量的影响机理 ,给出相应的偏微分方程。从方程的解释或数值解讨论扰动源与承压井含水层的力学压缩参数、渗流特性参数及与频率特性频数的关系 ,进而给出承压井水位和流量对地球固体潮、大气潮和地表负荷潮汐响应的统一数学方程及其潮汐响应函数 ,并揭示了上述几类潮汐扰动信息源对承压井水位和流量影响的物理机理     

钻孔应变,应力测量区域特征初探

我国钻孔应变、应力测量依不同时段区域变化形态有明显差异;短期(一月内)、中期(一年内)区域变化特征不显著。正常形态显示平稳、应变测量显示固体潮形态、应力测量显示年变形态。震前异常多呈现突升、突降式的应变阶跃、固体潮畸变、年变形态改变。长期(10年内)与其构造部位、地震活动性及区域构造运动,矢量速率有一定的相关性,因而存在着明显的区域变化特征。识别不同区域的曲线变化特征,对判定震兆信息有一定的指导作用,从而提高了应变、应力测量资料的应用价值。     

柯坪地电阻率台年变特征及成因分析

对柯坪地电阻率台整点观测数据进行FFT变换,计算出其年变周期约为305.5 d;分析了观测区地下水位、气温的变化以及下伏地层的影响系数与年变间的关系,最终明确柯坪地电阻率台观测数据的反常年变形态是由测区特殊的电性结构引起的.     

溧阳地震台体应变观测数据质量分析

对溧阳地震台体应变观测资料变化形态、观测质量和观测精度、潮汐因子中误差、地震波记录能力等参数进行分析,采用固体潮汐残差矢量分析方法进行分析,对该台2010—2015年观测资料进行分析,发现体应变能记录到全球不同地区、不同震级的同震波,波形清晰,为分析预报人员进行地震研究提供依据。     

地下水位固体潮响应的地震异常

本文从理论上讨论了承压井水位与含水层固体潮体应变的关系以及在非线性失稳状态井水位对固体潮响应的变化,重点讨论了其响应率与响应比的变化。对水位观测资料的计算分析表明,震前响应率有一些变化,响应比有一个背景值1,与理论是一致的,而且震前也存在一些变化,说明水位固体潮响应可以反映含水层岩石参数的变化。     

兰州倾斜固体潮潮汐参数的观测研究

本文介绍了兰州形变台FSQ—水管倾斜仪1987—1989年期间观测资料的调和分析结果,讨论了潮汐因子的重复性及其对非潮汐变化的监测能力,分析了气象因素对周日波的影响,並将实测潮汐因子与G—B地球模型理论值进行了比较。     

Experimental study of charge vertical transfer in surface air layer

The variability of air–earth electric currents in the lower 3-m air layer is analyzed in a complex with measurement data on the physical parameters that affect charge transfer in the atmosphere. Three types of air–earth current density profiles have been revealed during experimental observations in summer in Rostov region: (1) the current density decreases with an increase in the distance from the Earth’s surface and then stabilizes (nighttime conditions); (2) the current density increases with altitude up to 1 m and then decreases as altitude increases (day hours); (3) transient between types 1 and 2 that are observed in the morning and evening hours. The intensity of charge transfer in the surface air layer under the action of mechanical forces under different stratifications is estimated on the basis of data on altitude variations in the air–earth current density in view of the stationarity of electric processes and the constancy in the altitude of the total air–earth current density. Thermodynamic conditions are estimated with the use of wind velocity measurements and calculations of the turbulence factor and vertical component of the air temperature gradient.     

1989年大同6.1级地震前后地下水位固体潮加卸载响应比的变化

将加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入地下水位潮汐资料计算中,根据岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理,从理论上论证了用地下水位观测资料计算加卸载响应比的可行性并研究出利用地下水位对固体潮的响应来计算加卸载响应比的方法.以此方法计算了我国大华北地区近20 a 来地下水位的固体潮加卸载响应比,分析了1989 年大同6 .1 级地震前后地下水位固体潮加卸载响应比的变化.多数井的水位固体潮加卸载响应比在地震前6 ～12 个月出现升高异常变化.