多金属结核的生长历史

本文利用＾１０Ｂｅ测年技术，测定多金属结核内部各生长世代的起止年龄，并联系当时发生的主要古海洋事件，探讨古海洋环境变化对多金属结核生长的影响。经研究表明：（１）结核三个生长世代的年代分别为：始新世末－早中新世中期，中中新世早期－晚中新世末期，上新世－第四纪；（２）第Ⅱ生长世代是多金属结核的重要成矿期；（３）多金属结核的生长间断与全球性温度升高、南极底层流活动减弱有关。     

东太平洋多金属结核的形成年代及生长速率研究

用铀系法、氨基酸法和锶同位素法对取自东太平洋的数个多金属结核进行了年代测定。在参考其他测年数据并综合地质、气候、环境等资料后, 发现东太平洋多金属的形成与南极底层流有密切关系。大多数结核自渐新世后逐渐生成发育, 早中新世、中中新世及晚上新世是结核发育的最有利时期。多金属结核的生长速率为１０－ ６ ｍ ｍ ／ａ 数量级。由于在不同地质时期受到不同的环境因素的影响, 结核的整个生长发育过程呈阶段性与多变性等特征。     

多金属结核内部生长层组年代研究

根据结构构造、矿物组分、微体古生物组合不同,多金属结核内部可划分为三个生长层组,从内到外依次为：第Ⅰ生长层组、第Ⅱ生长层组、第Ⅲ生长层组。运用古生物地层学方法,对其中微体古生物化石（硅藻、超微、放射虫）进行综合分析,确定三个生长层组的生长年代为：第Ⅰ生长层组形成年代为渐新世到早中新世,其顶界年龄不晚于１８Ｍａ,第Ⅱ生长层组形成年代为早中新世末期到上新世早期,第Ⅲ生长层组时代为上新世早期到第四纪     

中太平洋CP25岩心的矿物、稀土元素及Sr、Nd同位素组成--晚新生代海底火山活动的证据

中太平洋ＣＰ２５岩心沉积物中钙十字沸石、蒙脱石／伊利石比值（Ｍ／Ｉ）、稀土元素含量、铈异常（δＣｅ）、铕异常（δＥｕ）及Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ同位素特征作为海底火山活动的证据,揭示了中太平洋海盆晚新生代以来火山活动和沉积的历史。其结果是,早中新世约２０～１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．间,火山活动逐渐强烈,在１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．最强烈,使得沉积物具有高Ｍ／Ｉ和∈Ｎｄ、低δＣｅ和８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ。１７～１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．发生沉积间断。１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．至现代,火山活动较早中新世减弱     

中国4Ma来孢粉植物群气候的多重旋回模型

本文应用频谱分析方法，研究了近４Ｍａ来的孢粉植物群气候波动，确定存在准１２０，３０（或４０），１０（或６）万年的周期。依据孢粉植物群的时空分布建立了多重气候旋回模型，该模型将４Ｍａ来气候划分为３个１．２Ｍａ的气候幕，１２个０．３（或０．４）Ｍａ的气候期，４８个０．１（或０．０６）Ｍａ的气候段。并且讨论了模型与自然环境演变及季风气候兴衰的关系。指出在冬、夏季风交替活动过程中，夏季风兴盛于２．０－１．８Ｍａ及０．８－０．２Ｍａ两个时期；冬季风活跃于２．５－２．３Ｍａ及１．２－０．８Ｍａ两个时期。     

台湾海峡台西盆地新生代构造事件的分析

通过不整合，地层缺失，岩浆活动，断裂活动等分析，以及与邻区构造事件进行对比，认为台西盆地新生代构造事件主要有晚白垩世晚期－古新世早期（距今约７０Ｍ－６０Ｍａ），古新世末－始新世初（距今约５４Ｍ－５１Ｍａ），始新世晚期－渐新世早期（距今约４２Ｍ－３２Ｍａ），晚中新新世－上新世初（距今约１０Ｍ－５Ｍａ）和上新世末－中更新世（跑今约２．５Ｍ－１Ｍａ）。它们在区内表理明显，依次反映了台西盆地从裂谷出现（晚     

更新世冰期的全球深海绝灭事件

据估计 ,深海有孔虫种的交替速率为２ %／Ｍａ ,比新生代浅水底栖（５ %／Ｍａ）或者浮游有孔虫（１１ %／Ｍａ）明显偏低。白垩纪—第三纪边界（６５Ｍａ）或附近的事件引发了陆地和浅水以及部分半远洋生物的灾难性绝灭 ,但是对深海底栖有孔虫的影响很小。大部分深海有孔虫绝灭（３０ %～５０ %的种消失了）出现于晚古新世冰后高温期（ＬＰＴＭ ,５５Ｍａ） ,它起因于贫氧、温暖的侵蚀性底层水以及同时发生的表层生产力的变化。晚始新世至早渐新世（３６～３０Ｍａ）和中中新世也发现了深海底栖有孔虫的种类交替增强有全球蔓延的趋势。对中…     

10Be--加速器质谱法测定深海多金属结核的生长速率

采用加速器质谱法测定了东太平洋海盆ＣＣ区３个多金属结核和中太平洋海盆北部１个多金属结核中(１０)Ｂｅ的质量活度（比活度,下同）随径向深度的分布。论述了(１０)Ｂｅ－加速器质谱法测定生长速率的步骤。使用该法测得这４个多金属结核的生长速率分别为７．５,２．７,９．６和１．５ｍｍ·Ｍａ(－１),这些数据接近其他作者利用(１０)Ｂｅ法测定的世界各大洋多金属结核的生长速率。还研究了(１０)Ｂｅ法测定的生长速率与多金属结核ｍ(Ｍｎ)／ｍ(Ｆｅ)比值的关系。     

山东半岛及苏皖北部黄土地层年代学研究

根据山东半岛和南京地区大量野外实测黄土剖面和热释光，＾１４Ｃ测年数据，首次指出山东半岛最老的黄土层位为Ｌ９，年龄约０．８ＭａＢ．Ｐ．，南京地区下蜀土（黄土）的最老层位为Ｌ６，年龄约０．６３ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。本文所建立的Ｓ０－Ｌ９黄土－古土壤的年代地层序列为本区与黄河中游地区黄土对比提供了基本证据，并进一步证实了黄土层的“等时面”意义。     

青岛西北地区矿泉水的水化学特征与形成机理

研究青岛西北部橄榄安粗岩系分布区饮用天然矿泉水形成的水文地质条件及水化学特征。指出：作为水岩反应的结果体现,其主要化学成份Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋与Ｓｒ２＋间构成明显的成份正相关;而Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、ＨＣＯ－３与Ｈ２ＳｉＯ３间构成负相关,Ｓｒ２＋与Ｈ２ＳｉＯ３间亦呈负相关。并对矿泉水形成的影响因素和机理进行探讨     

太平洋中部多金属结核生物地层学研究

本文利用钙质超微化生物地质学研究方法，分析鉴定了多金属结核中的钙质超微化石，建立了多金属结核生长层柱状剖面图，确定了多金属结核形成的三个生长阶段及其年代，为揭示多金属结核的成矿规律和分布规律提供了必要的地质资料。     

Submersible observations of manganese nodule and crust deposits on the Tenpo Seamount,Northwestern Pacific

Pavements of manganese nodules and crusts and outcrops of Miocene limestones were observed on the flanks and flat top of the Tenpo Seamount during three Shinkai 2000 dives. The pre‐Miocene volcano supplied nuclei of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal manganese deposits, and subsequent slow or no sedimentation promoted deposition of abundant hydrogenetic nodules and crusts, mainly on the upper flank of the seamount. Nodule pavements generally cover calcareous sand surface sediments, while crusts cover hard outcrops composed probably of volcanic rocks. The fields of crusts and nodules are sparsely distributed with each other on scales of meters to tens of meters. The on‐site observation suggests the deposits have encountered tectonic and/or mass movements that resulted in unusual occurrences of densely stacked nodules and occasionally the nodules resting directly on crusts or hard substrates. Mineralogical and chemical compositions reveal that for nodules and crusts the encrusting manganese layers of around 1 cm thickness are composed of hydrogenetic vernadite, and diagenetic influence is negligible.     

Middle to Late Cenozoic tectonic events in south and central Palawan (Philippines) and their implications to the evolution of the south-eastern margin of South China Sea: Evidence from onshore structural and offshore seismic data

Using recently gathered onland structural and 2D/3D offshore seismic data in south and central Palawan (Philippines), this paper presents a new perspective in unraveling the Cenozoic tectonic history of the southeastern margin of the South China Sea. South and central Palawan are dominated by Mesozoic ophiolites (Palawan Ophiolite), distinct from the primarily continental composition of the north. These ophiolites are emplaced over syn-rift Eocene turbidites (Panas Formation) along thrust structures best preserved in the ophiolite–turbidite contact as well as within the ophiolites. Thrusting is sealed by Early Miocene (∼20 Ma) sediments of the Pagasa Formation (Isugod Formation onland), constraining the younger limit of ophiolite emplacement at end Late Oligocene (∼23 Ma). The onset of ophiolite emplacement at end Eocene is constrained by thrust-related metamorphism of the Eocene turbidites, and post-emplacement underthrusting of Late Oligocene – Early Miocene Nido Limestone. This carbonate underthrusting at end Early Miocene (∼16 Ma) is marked by the deformation of a seismic unit corresponding to the earliest members of the Early – Middle Miocene Pagasa Formation. Within this formation, a tectonic wedge was built within Middle Miocene (from ∼16 Ma to ∼12 Ma), forming a thrust-fold belt called the Pagasa Wedge. Wedge deformation is truncated by the regionally-observed Middle Miocene Unconformity (MMU ∼12 Ma). A localized, post-kinematic extension affects thrust-fold structures, the MMU, and Late Miocene to Early Pliocene carbonates (e.g. Tabon Limestone). This structural set-up suggests a continuous convergent regime affecting the southeastern margin of the South China Sea between end Eocene to end Middle Miocene. The ensuing structures including juxtaposed carbonates, turbidites and shallow marine clastics within thrust-fold belts have become ideal environments for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. Best developed in the Northwest Borneo Trough area, the intensity of thrust-fold deformation decreases towards the northeast into offshore southwest Palawan.     

太平洋中部磁性地层学研究

本文通过太平洋中部５个长柱状岩心古地磁样品的测量分析，对区内早中新世以来的松散沉积层进行了磁性地层的划分对比，确定了各孔研究深度内沉积层的时代，认识到太平洋中部新世以来主要有两个沉积时期和两个沉积间断时期。第一沉积期分别到早中新世末或中中新世初停止沉积，为主沉积期，沉积了岩心的大部分。从晚上新世或第四纪初开始沉积到第四纪中晚期停止沉积的是第二沉积期，从早中新世末或中中新世初至早上新世或第四纪初为主     

加速器质谱法测定深海锰结核样品中的^10Be

本文研究深海锰结核中＾１０Ｂｅ的加速器质谱法分析。提出了ＮａＯＨ和ＥＤＴＡ分离纯化－ＢｅＯ制样－加速器质谱法测量＾１０ＢｅＯ制样－加速器质谱法测量＾１０Ｂｅ的分析程序。研究结果表明,该法回收率较高,分离效果较好,按该法制备的ｅＯ靶能较好地满足加速器质谱法对测量＾１０Ｂｅ的要求。利用该法测得北太平洋两个锰结核的生长速率分别为２．７ｍｍ／Ｍａ和１．５ｍｍ／Ｍａ。这些结果与其他研究者所测数据相比,非常一     

Deposition of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese minerals in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc Area,Northwest Pacific

A widespread distribution of hydrothermal and hydrogenetic manganese deposits is described in the results of the Hakurei‐Maru cruises conducted in the Bonin Arc areas of the West Pacific from 1984 to 1989. Manganese deposits occur in the active volcano chains, back‐arc basins, remnant back‐arc ridges, and oceanic seamounts.

The hydrogenetic iron‐manganese deposits commonly form earthly black crusts and nodules on the topographic highs of inactive ridges and old seamounts, sometimes as thick as 10 cm. They are always composed of the iron‐manganese mineral vernadite. Co and Ni contents are relatively high in the crusts from the seamounts in the open Pacific Ocean (up to 1.1% Co and 1.0% Ni). Two generations of distinct chemistry and texture are typical of these crusts, which can be compared to reported thick crusts from the Central Pacific seamounts.

The hydrothermal deposits, characterized by dense, submetallic, and gray appearance, are dominant in the recent and also in past submarine volcanoes of the island‐arc systems. Evidence of past hydrothermal activity was ascertained as fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits inside the hydrogenetic nodules or beneath the hydrogenetic crusts over the Tertiary island arc. Their component minerals are considered to be todorokite and bimessite (stable and contractible upon dehydration), having almost negligible amounts of Fe, Si, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, etc. In the small model site, the Kaikata Seamount hydrothermal area, the presumably recent hydrothermal activity has yielded thin slabs of pure manganate deposits growing downward within volcanic and sand layers.

Early diagenetic influence is negligible on nodules of this area.     

锰结核生长的古海洋环境与事件

本文通过东太平洋海盆、中太平洋海盆锰结核、云南东南部土壤锰结核及原生沉积锰矿特征及形成环境的对比研究,表明:(1)海洋水深,地形、生物生产力与水—沉积物界面的Eh、pH值等是控制锰结核物质成份、生长速率及分布格局的重要因素,(2)南极底层流和深海沉积间断的形成发展是造成锰结核生长间断的关键,(3)新生代低海平面时期可能是锰结核生成的重要时期。     

Formation and distribution of manganese nodule deposit in the northwestern margin of Clarion-Clipperton fracture zones,northeast equatorial Pacific

In the northwestern margin of the Clarion and Clipperton fracture zones, manganese nodules are latitudinally variable in character, resulting from the progressive (re)generation of nodules since the Oligocene as the Pacific Plate migrates northwestward beneath the equatorial production zone. Complemented by the surface water productivity, bottom current activities have concentrated nodules in the Oligocene to Miocene siliceous clay. Resedimentation processes on nodules form three types of nodules with concentric structures and 10 Å-manganaterich bottoms, by periodically causing the diagenetic growth of nodules within the topmost sediment layer.     

Late Miocene stable isotope stratigraphy of SE Atlantic ODP Site 1085: Relation to Messinian events

High-resolution benthic oxygen isotope and XRF (Fe and Ca) records from Site 1085 drilled in the Mid-Cape basin (ODP Leg 175) are used to investigate global climate changes during the Late Miocene in relation to Messinian geological events. The cyclic fluctuations of the time series at Site 1085 enable us to establish a reliable chronology for the time interval 7.3–4.7 Ma. Spectral analysis of the δ¹⁸O record indicates that the 41-kyr period of orbital obliquity dominates the Late Miocene record. A global climate record was extracted from the oxygen isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera. Both long- and short-term variabilities in the climate record are discussed in terms of sea-level and deep-water temperature changes. The time interval 7.3–6.25 Ma characterized by low-amplitude δ¹⁸O variations is followed by a period marked by maximum in the δ¹⁸O values (6.25–5.57 Ma). At about 5.56 Ma, a rapid decrease in δ¹⁸O values is documented that may reflect a warming of deep-water temperature associated with a global warming period. Comparison between the timing of the oceanic isotope events and the chronology of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis suggest that global eustatic processes were not essential in the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis history. From our data, we infer that the global warmth documented in the Early/mid-Pliocene probably started during the Late Miocene (at 5.55 Ma). At the same time, the onset of evaporite deposition in the central basin of the Mediterranean Sea took place. Sharp changes in the sedimentation rates, mainly driven by terrigenous input at this site, are observed during the Messinian Stage.