Structural characteristics of a carbonic matter of sapropelite kerogen: Dependence on the biocoenotic type of organic matter and degree of its catagenesis

IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study of insoluble organic matter (IOM) showed that the structural characteristics of its carbonic component depend on the composition of original organic matter and degree of its catagenesis.     

Consequences of crystal shape and fabric on anisotropic permeability in magmatic mush

Crystals that form an interconnected porous network can become preferentially oriented both prior to and during compaction of magmatic mush. This introduces anisotropy in the melt pore-space that can reduce permeability in the direction of compaction and in turn decrease melt flux and compaction rate. Using a number of grain-scale numerical models, the consequences of end-member magmatic fabrics on the directional dependence of permeability are tested over a range in melt fraction from 22 to 77%. As the crystal aspect ratio (i.e. ratio of long to short axis length) increases from 2 to 10, isotropic permeability decreases by a factor of 2 and 5 for randomly oriented prolate and oblate-shaped crystals, respectively, at a melt fraction of 22%. With a flattening fabric, permeability is reduced in the compaction direction no more than approximately a factor of 2 relative to the isotropic permeability at the same melt fraction and crystal shape for both oblate and triaxial prisms. However, permeability is enhanced in directions orthogonal to the compaction direction. For example, permeability is enhanced up to a factor of 11 relative to the isotropic permeability at a melt fraction of 22% for oblate prisms with a ratio of the long to short axis length of 10. Anisotropy in permeability increases as the melt fraction decreases and the crystal aspect ratio increases. Ratios of the principal permeabilities are sufficiently large based on the realistic crystal shapes tested here to warrant including anisotropic permeability into macroscale melt segregation models including those for compaction.     

Morphological peculiarities of synthesized diamonds and a preliminary discussion on the region for perfect diamond crystal growth

Crystal habit and morphological peculiarities of synthetic diamonds at various temperatures and pressures have been studied. A diagram has been proposed based on experimental data for different crystal morphologies with respect to differentT-P conditions. A preliminary discussion has been given to the growth field of perfect crystals and a principle is presented for the optimumT-P conditions for synthesis of perfect diamonds.     

In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method

Combining a miniature diamond-anvil pressure cell with a single crystal four-circle diffractometer, the crystal structure of a synthetic ZrO₂ has been studied in situ up to 51 kbar at room temperature. The space group of the unquenchable orthorhombic high pressure phase is Pbcm. The directions of the b and c axes are preserved through the transition and the transformation is displacive. The coordination configurations of the Zr atoms and oxygen atoms are the same in the high pressure and low pressure phases. The orthorhombic high pressure phase has a higher entropy than that of low pressure monoclinic phase.     

The physicochemical conditions of diamond formation in the mantle matter: experimental studies

Experimental studies of diamond formation in the alkaline silicate-carbon system Na₂O–K₂O–MgO–CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–C were carried out at 8.5 GPa. In accordance with the diamond nucleation criterion, a high diamond generation efficiency (spontaneous mass diamond crystallization) has been confirmed for the melts of the system Na₂SiO₃–carbon and has been first established for the melts of the systems CaSiO₃–carbon and (NaAlSi₃O₈)₈₀(Na₂SiO₃)₂₀–carbon. It is shown that in completely miscible carbonate-silicate melts oversaturated with dissolved diamond-related carbon, a concentration barrier of diamond nucleation (CBDN) arises at a particular ratio of carbonate and silicate components. Study of different systems (eclogite–K-Na-Mg-Ca-Fe-carbonatite–carbon, albite–K₂CO₃–carbon, etc.) has revealed a dependence of the barrier position on the chemical composition of the system and the inhibiting effect of silicate components on the nucleation density and rate of diamond crystal growth. In multicomponent eclogite-carbonatite solvent, the CBDN is within the range of carbonatite compositions (<50 wt.% silicates). Based on the experimental criterion for the syngenesis of diamond and growth inclusions in them, we studied the syngenesis diagram for the system melanocratic carbonatite–diamond and determined a set of the composition fields and physical parameters of the system that are responsible for the cogeneration of diamond and various mineral and melt parageneses. The experimental results were applied to substantiate a new physicochemical concept of carbonate-silicate (carbonatite) growth media for most of natural diamonds and to elaborate a genetic classification of growth mineral, melt, and fluid inclusions in natural diamonds of mantle genesis.     

金刚石粒度对孕镶金刚石钻头性能的影响

孕镶金刚石钻头已获得了广泛的应用,但人们对其性能和钻头金刚石参数间的一些问题仍需进一步认识。本文通过理论计算得出了钻头唇面上金刚石的分布模型,其结论与实际相吻合;并以此为依据,探讨了金刚石粒度对钻头性能的影响     

镀覆技术对硬质合金复合齿性能的影响

通过对比镀覆金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿和普通金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿的磨耗比、抗冲击韧性,说明添加真空蒸镀W的金刚石的复合齿具有良好的抗冲击性能和耐磨性。研究表明,真空蒸镀W的金刚石相对于未镀和化学镀的金刚石,具有较强抵抗热损伤和胎体侵蚀的能力,而化学镀覆Ni-W-B和Ni-W-P则会加剧胎体金属对金刚石的侵蚀和热损伤,金刚石的强度大大降低,复合齿的磨耗比远小于真空蒸镀W复合齿。金刚石真空蒸镀W镀覆技术的应用必然大大地提高复合齿的性能。     

Radio-colouration of diamond: a spectroscopic study

We have undertaken a study of the common green or orange-brown spots at the surface of rough diamond specimens, which are caused by alpha particles emanating from radioactive sources outside the diamond. Richly coloured haloes represent elevated levels of structural damage, indicated by strong broadening of the main Raman band of diamond, intense strain birefringence, and up-doming of spots due to their extensive volume expansion. Green radio-colouration was analogously generated through the irradiation of diamond with 8.8 MeV helium ions. The generation of readily visible radio-colouration was observed after irradiating diamond with ≥10¹⁵ He ions per cm². The accumulation of such a high number of alpha particles requires irradiation of the diamond from a radioactive source over long periods of time, presumably hundreds of millions of years in many cases. In the samples irradiated with He ions, amorphisation was observed in volume areas where the defect density exceeded 5 × 10^?3 Å^?3 (or 0.03 dpa; displacements per target atom). In contrast, graphitisation as a direct result of the ion irradiation was not observed. The green colouration transformed to brown at moderate annealing temperatures (here 450 °C). The colour transformation is associated with only partial recovery of the radiation damage. The colour change is mainly due to the destruction of the GR1 centre, explained by trapping of vacancies at A defects to form the H3 centre. An activation energy of ~2.4 ± 0.2 eV was determined for the GR1 reduction. The H3 centre, in turn, causes intense yellowish-green photoluminescence under ultraviolet illumination. Radio-colouration and associated H3 photoluminescence are due to point defects created by the ions irradiated, whereas lattice ionisation is of minor importance. This is concluded from the depth distribution of the colouration and the photoluminescence intensity (which corresponds to the defect density but not the ionisation distribution pattern). The effect of the implanted He ions themselves on the colour and photoluminescence seems to be negligible, as radio-colouration and H3 emission were analogously produced through irradiation of diamond with C ions. The photoluminescence emission becomes observable at extremely low defect densities on the order of 10^?6 Å^?3 (or 0.000006 dpa) and is suppressed at moderate defect densities of ~5 × 10^?4 Å^?3 (or ~0.003 dpa). Intensely brown-coloured diamond hence does not show the H3 emission anymore. Anneals up to 1,600 °C has reduced considerably irradiation damage and radio-colouration, but the structural reconstitution of the diamond (and its de-colouration) was still incomplete.     

Estimation of commercial diamond grades based on microdiamonds: a case study of the Koidu diamond mine,Sierra Leone

This paper documents the application of a microdiamond-based approach to the estimation of diamond grade in the Pipe 1 kimberlite at the Koidu mine in Sierra Leone. A geological model of Pipe 1 was constructed to represent the distribution and volume of the dominant kimberlite units within the pipe. Bulk samples, along with representative microdiamond samples, were collected from these units at surface and were used to define the ratio between microdiamond stone frequency (+212 μm stones per kilogram) and recoverable macrodiamond grade (+1.2 mm carats per tonne; 1 carat = 0.2 g). These ratios were applied to a comprehensive, spatially representative microdiamond sample dataset and were combined with a spatial model of country-rock xenolith dilution within the pipe to estimate +1.2 mm recoverable grades. The resource estimate was reconciled with subsequent production results in the elevation range 160 to 100 m above sea level. Production results for each of the six 10 m benches covering this elevation range were compared to the estimated average grades for these zones in the pipe. For the five cases where most of the kimberlite mass on a given bench is represented in the production data, the results show a maximum discrepancy of 6% between predicted and reported production grade with no indication of any consistent bias. This indicates that, when supported by a sound geological model and suitable microdiamond and macrodiamond data, the microdiamond-based estimation approach can provide reliable constraints on macrodiamond grade, even in the case of geologically complex bodies such as Koidu Pipe 1.

     

Polarized infrared absorbance spectra of an optically anisotropic crystal: Application to the orientation of the OH- dipole in quartz

The polarized infrared (IR) absorbance spectrum was formulated for an optically anisotropic crystal under the conditions of Fourier transform microspectroscopy. The adequacy of this formulation was confirmed by comparison of calculated interference fringes with those observed in polarized absorbance spectra of optically anisotropic crystal. In accordance with the formulated absorbance, an experimental constraint for the correct measurement of polarized IR absorbance spectrum of optically anisotropic crystal is proposed. Under this experimental constraint, polarized IR absorbance spectra of quartz from Arkansas were measured. They show that the orientation of OH^- dipole which compensates the charge balance coupled with Al³⁺ in quartz is highly polarized perpendicular to the c-axis.     

Laboratory investigations on rotary diamond drilling

Extensive laboratory drilling investigations were conducted on a wide variety of rocks to study the inter-dependence of machine as well as rock parameters on the performance of the drilling operation. Detailed physical and mechanical properties of all the rock types were determined to study the influence of the rock properties on the drilling performance. The effect of PEO (poly-ethylene-oxide) added to the drilling water was also studied. Slake durability tests were conducted in plain water as well as a PEO mixed water medium to observe the effects of PEO on the surface properties of the rock. An attempt is also made to understand the different modes of wear of impregnated diamond bits in the rotary drilling operation.     

页岩各向异性特征的试验研究

为研究彭水页岩气区块储层的各向异性特征,开展了石柱县龙马溪组页岩的单轴和三轴压缩试验,分析了其力学特性、强度特征和破裂模式的各向异性,并揭示了其破坏机制的各向异性。结果表明：(1) 龙马溪组页岩具有明显的各向异性特征,弹性模量在平行层理方向最大,垂直层理方向最小,且围压的增加使其增加速率不断减小;0°、30°和60°、90°页岩的泊松比随围压的增加呈现出了相反的变化规律,这可能与页岩层理间孔隙和微裂缝的良好发育有关。(2) 相同围压下,0°试样强度最高,90°次之,30°最低,总体上呈现出两边高、中间低的U型变化规律,而不同角度的Hoek-Brown强度准则能较好地反映其强度的各向异性特征。(3) 页岩破裂模式的各向异性是由破坏机制的各向异性引起的,而强度的各向异性是由破坏机制的各向异性控制的。单轴压缩时,0°页岩为沿层理的张拉劈裂破坏,30°为沿层理的剪切滑移破坏,60°为贯穿层理和沿层理的复合剪切破坏,90°为贯穿层理的张拉破坏。三轴压缩时,0°为贯穿层理的共轭剪切破坏,30°为沿层理的剪切滑移破坏,60°和90°为贯穿层理的剪切破坏;页岩地层的层状沉积结构和层理间的弱胶结作用是破坏机制各向异性的根源。研究结果为水平井井壁的稳定性分析和水力压裂施工设计等提供了技术参考。     

Wave velocities in a pre-stressed anisotropic elastic medium

Modified Christoffel equations are derived for three-dimensional wave propagation in a general anisotropic medium under initial stress. The three roots of a cubic equation define the phase velocities of three quasi-waves in the medium. Analytical expressions are used to calculate the directional derivatives of phase velocities. These derivatives are, further, used to calculate the group velocities and ray directions of the three quasi-waves in a pre-stressed anisotropic medium. Effect of initial stress on wave propagation is observed through the deviations in phase velocity, group velocity and ray direction for each of the quasi-waves. The variations of these deviations with the phase direction are plotted for a numerical model of general anisotropic medium with triclinic/ monoclinic/orthorhombic symmetry     

Influence of a point sink on a pile group in saturated multilayered soils with anisotropic permeability

The behavior of a pile group is solved using the finite element method, and the fundamental solution of saturated multilayered soils with anisotropic permeability is obtained by the analytical layer element method. Based on the supposition of no slip occurring at the pile‐soil interface, the governing equations of the interaction between the pile group and the soils due to a point sink are established in the Laplace‐Hankel transformed domain by considering the pile‐soil compatibility condition. Numerical results are presented to study the effect of point sink pumping, the properties of soils, and the geometries of piles on the behavior of the pile group.     

Constraints on diamond genesis from the study of the dependence of diamond properties on the composition of kimberlites and lamproites

It was shown that the crystal morphology, content, and size of diamonds depend on the concentrations of silica, magnesium, calcium, and carbon dioxide in the host kimberlites and lamproites. The character of this dependence suggests that the viscosity of the initial melts of these rocks was the main control of the morphology and properties of diamond crystals and indicates a magmatic genesis for this mineral. Two genetic varieties of diamond crystals were distinguished: larger residual grains coeval with the formation of the sources of kimberlite and lamproite magmas during the slow high-pressure fractionation of the near-bottom peridotite layer of the global magma ocean and smaller early magmatic grains, which crystallized during the decompression-friction transformation of kimberlite and lamproite protoliths into magmas.     

Mantle fluid evolution—a tale of one diamond

Microinclusions analyzed in a coated diamond from the Diavik mine in Canada comprise peridotitic minerals and fluids. The fluids span a wide compositional range between a carbonatitic melt and brine. The diamond is concentrically zoned. The brine microinclusions reside in an inner growth zone and their endmember composition is K₁₉Na₂₅Ca₅Mg₈Fe₃Ba₂Si₄Cl₃₂ (mol%). The carbonatitic melt is found in an outer layer and its endmember composition is K₁₁Na₂₁Ca₁₁Mg₂₆Fe₇Ba₂Si₁₀Al₃P₂Cl₅. The transition in inclusion chemistry is accompanied by a change in the carbon isotopic composition of the diamond from −8.5‰ in the inner zone to −12.1‰ in the outer zone. We suggest that this transition reflects mixing between already evolved brine and a freshly introduced carbonatitic melt of different isotopic composition.

The compositional range found in diamond ON-DVK-294 is the widest ever recorded in a single diamond. It closes the gap between brine found in cloudy octahedral diamonds from South Africa and carbonatitic melt analyzed in cubic diamonds from Zaire and Botswana. Thus, all microinclusions analyzed to date fall along two arrays connecting the carbonatitic melt composition to either a hydrous-silicic endmember or to a brine endmember. This connection suggests that many diamonds are formed from fluids derived form a mantle source not significantly influenced by local heterogeneities.     

金刚石原生矿床类型及安徽省金刚石找矿前景分析

本文对具有经济的金伯利岩和金云火山岩金刚石原生矿两大类型模式特征和产出的构造部位进行了研究.在此基础上,对我省金刚石成矿构造条件进行了分析,并阐述了我省寻找金伯利岩和金云火山岩两大类型金刚石原生矿有利地区.     

降雨对均质各向异性土质边坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元法分析了非饱和均质各向异性土坡中的降雨渗透过程和土水相互作用的变化过程,使用修改的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则考虑非饱和土的抗剪强度,根据基质吸力变化引起抗破坏强度变化的原理,寻找最危险的滑移面位置,计算最小稳定安全系数,研究了土坡遭受降雨渗透时的安全稳定问题。实例分析结果表明,该法在评判降雨时非饱和土坡的稳定性方面是合理可行的。同时分析数据表明裂隙的存在对土质边坡稳定性的影响是显著的,在对雨水入渗的土边坡稳定性分析时,必须考虑裂隙的影响。     

The crystal structure of a triclinic roscherite

Summary The crystallography of roscherite is more complicated than previously thought. Single crystal X-ray work on material from Foote Mine (California) gave triclinic symmetry. The unit cell corresponding to the one adopted for monoclinic roscherite hasa=15.921,b=11.965,c=6.741 Å, =91°04, =94°21, =89°59 1/2, space group . The least-squares refinement of the structure using 2380 non zero reflections with anisotropic temperature factors resulted in a conventional reliability factorR=0.060.The X-ray study indicates the formula while that proposed for monoclinic roscherite is The atomic arrangements of both varieties of roscherite are very similar. The lowering of symmetry is caused by the segregation of the trivalent cations into only half of the sites of a monoclinic point position. Crystallochemical considerations suggest that the symmetry of roscherite does not depend on the kind of trivalent cations occupying the 6-coordinated position, but rather by the ratio between trivalent and divalent metal ions.

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Die Kristallstruktur eines triklinen Roscherites

Zusammenfassung Die Kristallographie des Roscherites ist komplizierter als man bisher annahm. Einkristall-Röntgenuntersuchungen an Material von Foote Mine (Kalifornien) ergaben trikline Symmetrie. Die Elementarzelle, welche der für monoklinen Roscherit angenommenen entspricht, hata=15,921,b=11,965,c=6,741 Å, =91°04, =94°21, =89°59 1/2, Raumgruppe . Die Verfeinerung der Struktur mit der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate ergab unter Verwendung anisotroper Temperaturfaktoren für 2380 beobachtete Reflexe einen konventionellen ZuverlässigkeitsindexR=0,060.Die Röntgenuntersuchung weist auf die Formel , während für monoklinen Roscherit vorgeschlagen wurde. Die Atomanordnungen beider Abarten des Roscherites sind sehr ähnlich. die Symmetrieerniedrigung wird dadurch hervorgerufen, daß die dreiwertigen Kationen nur die Hälfte der Positionen einer monoklinen Punktlage besetzen. Kristallchemische Überlegungen weisen darauf hin, daß die Symmetrie nicht von der Art der dreiwertigen Kationen, welche eine 6-koordinierte Punktlage besetzen, abhängt, sondern vielmehr von dem Mengenverhältnis zwischen 3-wertigen und 2-wertigen Metallionen.

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浅谈小口径金刚石钻进效率

小口径人造金刚石具有强大的生命力和广阔的发展前途,是加快勘探步伐的重要途径,是当前提高钻进效率的主要技术措施。本文通过四个方面来提高小口径金刚石钻进的效率。