Aid to the Southern African periphery: the case of Lesotho

Lesotho receives a disproportionate volume of aid, most of it disbursed on exceedingly generous terms. In recent years, allocations have escalated and sources diversified. Increasingly, projects are being funded multilaterally with the Lesotho Government contributing a proportion and retaining a large measure of control. Hence, many of the now traditional arguments against aid—the creation of debt, tying of expenditure, manipulation of the economy in the interests of foreign capital—cannot be sustained in the case of Lesotho. Theoretically, the objective of the transfer of capital is the development of the indigenous economy and therefore the reduction of dependence on South Africa. However, an analysis of aid disbursements reveals disturbing trends which seriously question this prospectus. First, aid is allowing the Government to divert domestic revenue to projects of dubious developmental value and to the expansion and entrenchment of the state apparatus. Second, allocations to the agricultural sector, the underdevelopment of which constitutes the most serious obstacle to the manufacture of an independent economic future, are being cut back in favour of ventures where the returns are more visible and immediate. Third, a vast percentage of externally derived capital is rerouted to the South African space-economy via Lesotho through a variety of conduits catalogued in this paper. Thus, in this form, aid serves to tighten dependency but, ironically, it helps to guarantee political independence of the Republic by providing within Lesotho an attractive reservoir of foreign exchange which can be readily tapped by South African companies.     

旅游规划设计的内涵本质与核心理论研究

随着旅游业在吸纳就业、调整产业结构、带动区域经济发展等诸多方面作用日益凸显,旅游规划市场呈现出蓬勃发展的趋势.然而,从学科来看旅游规划不仅缺乏独有的核心理论和关键技术作为支撑,而且其与其他规划设计在本质上的区别也尚未能予以清晰地界定.为此,在前人研究和多年规划实践基础上,就若干基础性问题进行探讨:一是提出了旅游规划设计的六大本质特征;二是提出了旅游规划设计师的四大看家本领;三是提出了旅游规划设计的“12345”核心理论框架;四是提出了旅游规划设计的综合诊断技术、创造体验技术、综合匹配技术、时空设计技术和综合集成技术五大关键技术方法;五是讨论了旅游规划设计的学科性质和地位.     

经济欠发达地区县域旅游规划的若干思考--以安徽庐江县为例

文章论述了各种尺度的旅游规划在全国掀起新一轮高潮的情况下,许多经济欠发达地区争相把旅游业作为区域经济的增长极,试图以此改善自身经济状况。然而,在经济欠发达县域旅游规划中的一些特有问题很值得关注,如:小范围的行政界线对旅游规划的制约作用、客源市场分析方法的独特性以及薄弱的经济基础与旅游开发资金投入之间的矛盾等问题。文章以安徽庐江县为例对上述问题进行了分析,并提出了相应对策。     

The Life Cycle of Caravan Parks in Australia: the case of northern New South Wales

The caravan park sub-sector of the Australian tourism accommodation industry provides at least half of the national tourism bed capacity, and in 2009 generated over A$1.1 billion in annual takings. However, the number of parks and park capacity is in decline nationally while both international and domestic demand for the drive-tourism experience is growing. This sets a trend towards an accommodation facilities shortage for the caravanning sector and exposes its vulnerability. This paper uses a case study of caravan parks in the Tweed Shire, New South Wales, Australia, to examine the life-cycle pattern of these parks as a discrete unit of tourist area development and to consider the sector's future. The sector's history is framed within Butler's (Canadian Geographer 24(1): 5–12 (1980)) concept of the tourist area life cycle (TALC). The historical data demonstrate the urban and market change that has occurred around and within caravan parks of this coastal region over almost two centuries. The pattern of caravan park development and evolution conformed to the involvement, exploration, development, consolidation and stagnation stages of the TALC. In 2011, caravan parks in the Tweed region were at a critical tipping point with potential for either decline or rejuvenation.     

香港入境旅游客源市场竞争态与亲景度研究

以2006年为界将2004-2009年划分为前后两个时期,对比分析发现,香港入境旅游客源市场主要集聚在幼童市场和瘦狗市场,分布于明星市场和金牛市场的很少.市场竞争态转移表现为幼童市场向瘦狗市场回落,金牛市场朝瘦狗市场退缩.市场竞争态呈现逐渐衰退的迹象.亲景度除韩国和澳门外,其余主要客源市场均属于亲景市场,在空间上变动相对平稳,在时间上均值降幅不大.将竞争态与亲景度进行联合分析,显示亲景度与市场占有率的相关性更大,据此可将入境旅游客源市场聚为4类.     

南非入境旅游客源市场结构研究

南非拥有独特的旅游资源,20世纪90年代以来,政治体制的转变为南非入境旅游业的发展提供了契机。本文运用地理集中指数、旅游产业绝对集中指标、季节性强度指数等定量方法,在南非入境旅游数据资料的基础上,分析了南非入境客源市场的空间结构和南非入境游客旅游心理行为,从而为优化南非入境旅游客源市场未来发展提供依据。     

Development tendencies and future prospects of recreation geography in Russia

It is pointed out that the conceptual basis for the shaping of Soviet recreation geography was provided by the logical-graphical model of a territorial recreation system as developed in the early 1970s. We emphasize that the fundamentally novel concepts of the functioning and development of the territorial recreation system built upon the adaptive and synergic research approaches began emerging and evolving in the Soviet Union during the 1980s. At a later time, this greatly enhanced the understanding of the mechanisms of market competition in the sphere of tourism business evolving in the country. The findings obtained in this study are in good agreement with internationally recognized achievements of other countries in the realm of tourism geography, more specifically in the study of cross-cultural interactions in terms of the home–destination and guest–host models. It is confirmed that the increasing current importance of economic synergy is attendant by a growth of research interest in the ethnopsychological aspects of tourism. A rationale is given to the sustainability criteria of recreation-geographical processes from the perspective of the problems of preserving the uniqueness of tourist destinations and ensuring the progressive dynamics of their main components: natural environment, population, economy, culture, and self-management bodies.     

Reconfiguring South Africa’s hotel industry 1990–2010: Structure,segmentation, and spatial transformation

One of the central challenges of a maturing tourism destination is to ensure continuous innovation and improvement of tourism products to meet the demands of an increasingly competitive global tourism economy The purpose of this study is to analyse a critical aspect of the improvement of tourism product competitiveness in South Africa, the changing tourism accommodation sector and specifically of the hotel industry. During the study period 1990–2010 it is shown that the hotel industry was restructured in terms of enhanced quality standards, the introduction of new hotel products and driven by the imperatives of market segmentation. Geographically, the hotel sector became more concentrated upon four key urban tourism nodes and in certain cities the over-production of hotel accommodation is an emerging problem.     

Agriculture-tourism linkages and pro-poor impacts: The accommodation sector of urban coastal KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

The leveraging of tourism's potential for backward linkages is critical for enhancing local impacts in developing countries. The aim is to analyse food supply chains of tourism accommodation providers in the coastal region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Based upon 50 hotel interviews it is demonstrated the coastal tourism economy of KwaZulu-Natal is characterised by a pattern of sourcing by hotels which is on the one hand geographically localised but on the other hand, is not pro-poor. The food supply chain of high end accommodation establishments is articulated mainly through a network of intermediaries with linkages that only marginally incorporate the area's groups of poor agrarian producers. Findings are contextualised within wider international debates relating to pro-poor tourism, of the building of linkages between tourism and agriculture as a whole and barriers to strengthened pro-poor linkages between accommodation establishments and poor producers.     

黄河小浪底旅游开发的国内客源市场分析与预测

黄河小浪底旅游区是河南省旅游业“九五”计划重点建设项目,也是新世纪河南省旅游业发展的龙头景区。文章通过定性与定量相结合的方法,不仅分析了小浪底国内客源市场的趋势和走向,还深度采用趋势分析法、专家咨询法、分级法、平均值法等多种预测方法,对小浪底旅游区国内客源市场进行了深入的分析与预测,从而为小浪底旅游开发及其规划提供了科学依据,同时也希望能为其它新开发旅游区的客源市场分析与预测提供方法借鉴。     

中国旅游业空间分异的ABS分析

在厘清中国旅游业发展所经历的三个阶段并识别出不同发展阶段下主要驱动因子的基础上,以基于自主体模拟(Agent-based Simulation, ABS)为建模工具,构建不同旅游业发展阶段下旅游者行为的模拟模型。对旅游资源因子驱动下、市场因子驱动下和文化因子驱动下的中国旅游业空间分异进行模拟分析。研究表明:在旅游业发展的早期阶段,旅游资源是影响中国旅游业空间分异的基础因子;随着旅游经济发展,旅游资源对区域旅游业发展的重要性有所下降,市场逐渐成为中国旅游业空间分异的主导因子;由于旅游业发展受到旅游资源和市场因子的持续影响,文化因子对其引导作用则可能叠加在资源和市场因子的“惯性”作用之上,进一步强化中国旅游业的空间分异格局。     

旅游规划核心内容动态分析

目前规划工作实践中存在许多问题,使大部分旅游规划不能彻底执行,难以满足规划市场的需求。旅游规划主要是通过对目的地资源与市场,特别是资源适应性和市场潜在性的调查,来组合包装出适宜的旅游产品,该文把旅游规划的核心内容界定为设计生产出有地方特色的、有市场生命力的旅游产品。旅游规划是一个动态过程,它要求规划人员必须时刻关注市场动向,不断地接受市场反馈,不停地调整规划内容,不时地创新产品。针对旅游生命周期的不同阶段,笔者提出了不同的旅游产品开发对策。     

基于旅游市场竞争态的吉林省入境旅游市场研究

运用波士顿矩阵,引入旅游市场竞争态模型,对吉林省2009?2018年入境旅游统计数据进行分析总结。结果表明：瘦狗类市场和幼童类市场交替并维持,金牛类市场萎缩、明星类市场空白。得出结论：重视韩国、俄罗斯、中国香港和日本四大入境旅游客源市场,突出韩国主导客源市场地位;开发新需求,使韩国跳入明星类市场,防止中国香港退入瘦狗类市场;使日本复苏回到幼童类市场;重点培育澳大利亚、英国和次要培育法国市场为明星类市场;适时发展加拿大、德国、新加坡和美国市场;适当放弃中国澳门、菲律宾和泰国市场;放弃中国台湾和马来西亚客源市场。     

旅游规划理论与方法的初步探讨

旅游业的发展和旅游规划在我国日益受到关注和重视。在旅游规划实践的基础上 ,借鉴国内外旅游及其相关规划的研究成果 ,结合我国旅游业发展和旅游规划实际情况 ,系统的阐述了旅游规划的理论和方法。共分为三部分 :(1)国内外旅游规划的发展 ;(2 )旅游规划基本理论 ,包括旅游规划目标、理论演变、规划层次以及规划设计技术路线等 ;(3)旅游规划主要内容 ,包括规划前期组织、编制程序、旅游资源评价和开发分区、旅游市场分析、景区概念规划和旅游设施规划等。     

关于区域旅游规划几个基本问题的思考

区域旅游规划是一门交叉性的应用学科,它对地区旅游业的发展起着宏观指导和动态调整作用。文章从区域旅游规划的重新界定入手,阐述了其主要理论依据和一般演进模式,并分析了其发展过程中的3个显著特点,即市场导向、学科融合和结构调整、最后,从市场经济和学科发展的双重角度,指出了区域旅游规划的发展趋势。     

中国滑雪场可达性及市场潜力测度

利用可达性分析方法与潜力模型对中国滑雪场空间分布格局与市场潜力进行了系统分析,全面认识了滑雪场在交通可达性方面的优劣势,并针对不同区域提出了相应的发展或改进方向.研究表明:中国滑雪场距离城市中心的平均最短旅行时间为1.24 h,南方可达性普遍较差,北方同一城市内部差异较大.全国各城市到达某一滑雪场的最短时间呈圈层式分布...     

城市型目的地入境旅游市场演化差异研究——基于中国香港和新加坡市内部结构与外部规模分时段辨析

借鉴区域交通网络建构中的O-D（Origin-Destination）模型提出一个能够从3个维度揭示入境旅游目的地内外部市场变化过程的旅游O-D对接模型,以中国香港和新加坡市为案例,分析了两地入境旅游市场结构与规模的变化。通过内外部多指标对比研究,辨析入境旅游市场集中化与多样性的利弊,比较小型城市型入境旅游目的地的内外部市场结构变化差异。利用2005~2016年相关统计数据,构建了市场重要度-市场偏好和市场偏好-市场占有率2个组合矩阵,取2005和2006年的平均值与2015和2016年的平均值,对中国香港和新加坡市的入境市场进行了比较。结果显示,从旅游目的地内部客源结构来看,10 a间香港入境旅游市场集中度高并呈现进一步集中化趋势,而新加坡入境旅游市场多样性高且相对稳定,这与香港2003年开放内地“自由行”而内地入港旅游持续增长有关;从目的地外部市场规模来看,中国是世界最大的出境游市场,出境游规模远超过印度尼西亚,导致香港旅游市场吨位指数也远大于新加坡。最后,结合已有研究进行文献对话讨论了市场集中化与多样化策略选择对不同规模入境旅游目的地的利弊,分析认为多样性的入境旅游市场策略有利于大型入境旅游目的地实现其全球政经战略需求等的目的。而对于小型城市入境目的地而言,集中性的入境旅游市场策略更有利于节约营销成本、获得稳定客源和实现入境旅游收入的长期稳定增长。     

基于游客感知价值的古村落旅游主题定位与策划模式研究——以岳阳张谷英村为例

以游客感知体验评价为依据,建立基于游客感知价值的古村落旅游主题定位与策划模式。首先构建了古村落旅游主题定位与策划一般模式,分析指出,基于游客感知价值的古村落旅游主题定位与策划模式的关键是古村落旅游资源本体认知、旅游产品谱识别与市场定位。以张谷英村为例,提出以"湘楚民居,龙形古村落"作为该村旅游主题,并探讨定位后的主题塑造问题。     

Patterns of development in tourist accommodation enterprises on farms in England and Wales

The spatial distribution of UK farm-based tourist accommodation is not known in detail, although this type of facility has been an important element in the growth of rural tourism and the most common option for farm diversification. A database of farms in England and Wales offering tourist accommodation has been prepared and the individual entries georeferenced to enable their locations to be determined with respect to selected Scenic Areas (Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Heritage Coasts and National Parks). Exploratory analysis of this database indicates a possible ‘neighbourhood effect’ in which the provision of farm-based accommodation within buffer zones immediately surrounding these designated areas has a higher level of penetration in the farming community than in more distant areas. Further research is outlined to examine the interaction between actors in farming and planning communities using the geographical framework presented here.     

旅华外国客源市场时空结构再分析——基于入境休闲旅游者的数据

以2001—2016年入境外国休闲旅游者的数据为基础,通过地理集中度、市场收敛性和市场竞争态3项指标再分析旅华外国客源市场的时空特征,结果发现：旅华外国客源市场集中度较高,近6成客源来自亚洲,且主要依赖于韩国、俄罗斯、美国和马来西亚等核心市场;市场多样性不足,远程洲际市场对中国旅游规模的增长贡献不大;韩国最具竞争优势,蒙古最具发展潜力,其他市场的竞争潜力相对较弱。最后,通过比较休闲旅游数据与总体旅游数据的结果,发现以往基于总体入境旅游数据的研究结论有偏差：在市场占有率上,日本、蒙古、菲律宾和印度被高估,泰国和印度尼西亚被低估;在市场贡献上,意大利、瑞士、荷兰和加拿大被高估,马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国、新加坡和美国被低估;在市场竞争地位上,蒙古、菲律宾和印度被高估,泰国被低估。