郑州市东区深层地热特征及合理开发利用

介绍了郑州市东区深层地热的特征,把深层地热资源划分为三层：埋藏深度320～850 m的第一地热储层,热储岩性为新近系中细砂层,热储平均厚度1553 m。热储温度33°C,地温梯度2.5～3.5°C/100 m。埋藏深度850～1 200m的第二热储层储岩性为新近系细砂、中细砂层,热储总厚度86～187m,热储温度45°...     

Diffusion and mass balance of Mg during early dolomite formation,Monterey Formation

Diffusion from overlying seawater is capable of supplying enough Mg to account for all of the early diagenetic dolomite observed in the Monterey Formation (0.5–20 vol %). The amount formed depends on the Mg flux magnitude into the sediment, which is proportional to the rate of dolomite precipitation and inversely proportional to the sediment accumulation rate. The amount of dolomite formed is calculated for accumulation rates of 50 and 600 m/Ma, using reaction rate constants obtained from the Mg concentration profile of DSDP sites 479, 533 and 147, and proposed profiles that assume significant dolomite formation in the uppermost tens of meters of sediment. Advective pore water flow from compaction decreases the Mg flux and becomes increasingly significant as the accumulation rate increases and the reaction rate decreases. Advection alone during compaction supplies sufficient Mg to account for a realistic maximum of 2 vol % dolostone within a compacted section. An approximate evaluation of the Rayleigh number suggests that the low permeability of siliceous ooze prevents convective fluid flow at shallow burial depths.The Mg mass balance is calculated from dolomite abundance in Monterey Formation sections, Santa Maria basin area, California. Pore water and solid particle velocities are calculated as a function of sediment depth using a porosity-depth relation for average siliceous sediment based on a composite of DSDP data. The bulk sediment diffusion coefficient increases with sediment depth at a rate proportional to the geothermal gradient. At shallow burial depths seawater is probably the only significant source of Mg; dolomite, volcanic ash, and clay minerals are the only significant sinks. Clay mineral, organic matter, and silica diagenesis may provide additional Mg at deeper burial depths. The more or less regular spacing of dolomitic layers may be controlled by the residence time of the dolomite forming layer within the uppermost sediment, where the Mg flux is a maximum.     

太原盆地岩溶热储地热资源评价

太原盆地断裂构造发育,地热资源丰富,是我国具有代表性的中低温地热田,故太原盆地地热资源的整体评价对其大规模的开发利用具有重要意义。以太原盆地构造演化分析、地震和电法等剖面解释、最新钻井测井解释成果为研究基础,以盆地二级构造单元为划分依据,采用“热储体积法”将太原盆地划分为8个地热田并作为评价单元。针对8个评价单元的寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶热储进行了精细评价。综合评价得出太原盆地碳酸盐岩岩溶热储具有热储盖层稳定、埋深浅、储集层段多、储量大等特点。表现为岩溶热储上覆盖层厚度400~2 000 m,储集层从老至新依次发育了奥陶系峰峰组、上马家沟组、下马家沟组、亮甲山组和寒武系凤山组、长山组6套主力含水层段。地温梯度一般为3~4 ℃/100 m之间,热储温度为30~80 ℃。在此基础上,根据地热田热储面积和厚度、热储温度、孔隙度、比热容和密度等参数,计算西温庄地热田地热资源量,得出太原盆地可采资源量13.84×10⁸ GJ,折合标煤4 721.9×10⁴ t,初步摸清了太原盆地的地热资源分布规律以及资源量。     

江苏地温水温场特征及地热异常分布规律与控制条件探讨

江苏地温分布的一般规律是：坳陷区地温高于隆起区，坳陷区中次级正向构造高于负向构造，隆起区中则相反，此外，地温随深度加大而增高，全省的第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ含水层中，共划盼出热水异常３５个，按平面分布的重叠性归并为２１个地热异常，其中大部分可归纳为个异常带，扬子准地台区是本省地热异常的主要分布区。     

沧县隆起北部地温场特征及其主控因素分析

沧县隆起北部地区地热资源丰富,但关于地热田的形成机制与主控因素仍存在争议.通过收集区域地质资料和井温资料,并结合热传导正演模拟,系统地分析了研究区内地温梯度横向与垂向的特征、不同地质条件下地温场的分布规律,并正演了两条实测地热剖面,分析了研究区内地温场分布的主控因素.研究表明,横向上地温梯度在凸起区相对较高,凹陷区相对...     

雷州半岛局部地热异常及其形成机制

雷州半岛地热场主要受基底构造格局的控制和地下水活动的影响,隐伏花岗岩体放射性元素生热对盖层地温的贡献不可忽视,第四纪更新世火山喷发活动的岩浆余热已几乎完全散失,岩浆体和围岩温度已趋于平衡。由火山喷发而形成的雷北螺岗岭和雷南石峁岭两个玄武岩台地,为半岛地下水的主要补给区,由于冷水流下渗的地温效应,新生界盖层浅部地温梯度<3℃/100m,呈现地热负异常。在以传导传热为主的区域,地热场特点与华北盆地相似,新生界盖层地温梯度与基底岩面的埋深密切相关。由于地壳深部较均一的热流在地壳表部再分配的结果,若干凸起区盖层地温梯度为4—5℃/100m,呈现地热正异常。某些控制凸起区的边界断裂,当深层热水沿其上涌,造成附加热源,和传导传热相叠加,盖层地温梯度可高达5—8℃/100m,形成更鲜明的地热正异常。     

Absence of a regional surface thermal high in the Baikal rift; new insights from detailed contouring of heat flow anomalies

Heat flow in active tectonic zones as the Baikal rift is a crucial parameter for evaluating deep anomalous structures and lithosphere evolution. Based on the interpretation of the existing datasets, the Baikal rift has been characterized in the past by either high heat flow, or moderately elevated heat flow, or even lacking a surface heat flow anomaly. We made an attempt to better constrain the geothermal picture by a detailed offshore contouring survey of known anomalies, and to estimate the importance of observed heat flow anomalies within the regional surface heat output. A total of about 200 new and close-spaced heat flow measurements were obtained in several selected study areas in the North Baikal Basin. With an outrigged and a violin-bow designed thermoprobe of 2–3-m length, both the sediment temperature and thermal conductivity were measured. The new data show at all investigated sites that the large heat flow highs are limited to local heat flow anomalies. The maximum measured heat flow reaches values of 300–35000 mW/m², but the extent of the anomalies is not larger than 2 to 4 km in diameter. Aside of these local anomalies, heat flow variations are restricted to near background values of 50–70 mW/m², except in the uplifted Academician zone. The extent of the local anomalies excludes a conductive source, and therefore heat transport by fluids must be considered. In a conceptual model where all bottom floor heat flow anomalies are the result of upflowing fluids along a conduit, an extra heat output of 20 MW (including advection) is estimated for all known anomalies in the North Baikal Basin. Relative to a basal heat flow of 55–65 mW/m², these estimations suggest an extra heat output in the northern Lake Baikal of only 5%, corresponding to a regional heat flow increase of 3 mW/m². The source of this heat can be fully attributed to a regional heat redistribution by topographically driven ground water flow. Thus, the surface heat flow is not expected to bear a signal of deeper lithospheric thermal anomalies that can be separated from heat flow typical for orogenically altered crust (40–70 mW/m²). The new insights on the geothermal signature in the Baikal rift once more show that continental rifting is not by default characterized by high heat flow.     

Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes

A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain‐out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air (～0.5 °C 100 m^?1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations.     

贵州西部威水背斜地热赋存规律及靶区预测研究

威水背斜紧邻六盘水市区,具备形成中低温地热资源的有利地热地质条件,潜在地热资源丰富。但因区内地质构造条件复杂,人们对热储构造、类型、地热资源埋藏条件及空间分布特征等认识不够,以致该地区在地热资源开发利用方面尚未取得实质性突破。为研究威水背斜地热赋存规律并进行靶区预测,以前期的实际勘查工作成果为支撑,在对相关勘查资料综合整理和科学分析的基础上,通过对威水背斜地质背景、热源条件、热储构造特征、地热载体及其运移和补给等分析,明确了研究区地热资源类型属受埋深条件控制的板内中低温型,热源主要来自地层自然增温(即地温梯度),地热载体以地下水为主,热储构造类型主要为层状热储类型; 结合已有地热工程施工情况,分析了该工程未能取得预期效果的关键原因,揭示了研究区热储层为泥盆系上统尧梭组、望城坡组和泥盆系中统独山组,根据热储层顶界深度等值线对威水背斜进行了靶区预测,推算可获得的理论保守水温为44.7~59.7 ℃,稳定地热水涌水量不小于500 m³/d,为下一步地热资源勘查与开发工作提供了依据。     

深层垂直井同轴换热能力数值模拟分析

针对中深部（1 500~4 000 m）地热资源深井同轴“保水取热”科学评价问题,以COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场耦合数值计算软件为模拟平台,构建垂直单井岩-水耦合传热模型,以西安地区地层与地温特征为模拟背景,计算分析2种地温梯度（0.027、0.030℃/m）与4种注水口流速（0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00 m/s）工况下深层（3 500 m）地热单井套管换热能力。同时,建立5种井间距下的群井数值模型,分析不同井间距下群井中心井的出口温度变化规律。模拟结果显示:地温梯度越大,进出口温差越大,单位时间换热量与单位延米换热量越大;入口注水流速越大,进出口温差越小,但单位时间换热量与单位延米换热量越大,即地温梯度、流速越大,深层垂直钻孔套管换热的效率越高;西安地区3 500 m井深工况下,相邻地热井的间距为30 m时能够保证其地层温度不会相互干扰。研究结论可为深层地热开发利用提供科学参考。移动阅读      

A preliminary study on the potential of the geothermal resources around the Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The Gulf of Suez is characterized by the presence of many hot springs and deep thermal wells scattered around its coastal areas. So it is considered one of the promised geothermal areas in Egypt. In this study, the main emphasis is to investigate the geothermal potential around the Gulf of Suez using the available logging and geothermometer datasets. The temperature profiles and well logging data of some hot springs and deep wells around or within the coastal area of the Gulf of Suez are used in this study. The temperature profiles are analyzed and some important thermophysical properties are estimated (geothermal gradient, thermal conductivity, heat flow, and specific heat capacity). Such analysis revealed that a medium to high geothermal gradient (22.0–30°C/Km) is given for the Gulf of Suez as a whole, with some spots of much higher gradient in the order of 35.0–44°C/Km (Ras Fanar and Hammam Faraun areas). The compiled thermal plots show that the thick evaporites and rock salt lithology, which is a major constituent in this area, attain the highest thermal conductivity (>3.10 W/m/K) and heat flow (>90 mW/m²) and the lowest specific heat capacity (<0.30 J/kg/K). The available gamma ray and the natural gamma ray spectroscopy logs are used to conduct a radioactive-based heat generation study using the characteristic radioactive nature of some elements like; ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, ²³²Th, and of the isotope of ⁴⁰K. A good linearity is observed between the heat production (A in microwatt per cubic meter) and the gamma ray (API) along a wide range of datasets (0–150 API) in all wells. The heat production factor increases in the carbonate lithology (up to 3.20?μW/m³) and is proportional to the shale volume. A geothermometer-based study is used to estimate the subsurface formation temperature and heat flow from the geochemical analysis of some water samples collected from the studied hot springs. The estimated thermal parameters are in harmony with the regional thermal regime concluded form logging data. A thermal basin growth study, in relation to the clay diagenesis is conducted concerning the thermal effects that take place with depth giving rise to another clay mineral (illite). Furthermore, a number of 2D thermal–burial history diagrams are constructed for the complied sections of some of the studied areas to show the vertical distribution of the estimated petrothermal properties. A reserve evaluation study is carried out to estimate the economic geothermal capacity of these hot springs to be used as alternative clean source for possible energy production (electricity) and other low-temperature purposes.     

天然气水合物的地热研究进展

天然气水合物的地热研究在以下几个方面都取得了重要进展，热流与似海底反射层的关系，水合物稳定带的研究；水合物热物理参数的确定；水合物形成过程中的热状态；热导率的应用，指出了今后水合物的地热学研究方向。     

砂岩储层孔隙保存的定量预测研究

对北方地区若干盆地的砂岩孔隙发育特征的研究表明,地温场、地质年代和盆地沉降方式对砂岩孔隙的演化和保存有制约作用。地温梯度每增加1℃,砂岩孔隙度平均减小约7%;在地温梯度2-4℃/100m范围内,有效储层的保存深度差异可达2500-3000m.地质年代每增加1Ma,砂岩孔隙度降低约0.018%-0.009%.地层超压可最大保存5%-7%的孔隙度。盆地沉降方式不同引起的孔隙保存量的差异为2%-5%,相应的有效孔隙保存深度的差值约1000m。     

Present Geothermal Fields of the Dongpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin

The Dongpu sag is located in the south of the Bohai Bay basin, China, and has abundant oil and gas reserves. To date, there has been no systematic documentation of its geothermal fields. This study measured the rock thermal conductivity of 324 cores from 47 wells, and calculated rock thermal conductivity for different formations. The geothermal gradient and terrestrial heat flow were calculated for 192 wells on basis of 892 formation-testing data from 523 wells. The results show that the Dongpu sag is characterized by a medium-temperature geothermal field between stable and active tectonic areas, with an average geothermal gradient of 32.0°C/km and terrestrial heat flow of 65.6 mW/m2. The geothermal fields in the Dongpu sag is significantly controlled by the Changyuan, Yellow River, and Lanliao basement faults. They developed in the Paleogene and the Dongying movement occurred at the Dongying Formation depositional period. The geothermal fields distribution has a similar characteristic to the tectonic framework of the Dongpu sag, namely two subsags, one uplift, one steep slope and one gentle slope. The oil and gas distribution is closely associated with the present geothermal fields. The work may provide constraints for reconstructing the thermal history and modeling source rock maturation evolution in the Dongpu sag.     

根据多时相夜间MODIS LST推断的腾冲地区新生代火山岩岩浆囊分布与活动特征

腾冲火山地热区位于印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲-碰撞带的弧后活动区,是我国新生代火山-地热最为活动的地区之一.本文利用MODIS夜间月平均地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)数据,计算了研究区2001～2011年132个月的月平均地表温度,圈定了地温异常区;分析了异常区年内及年际间的平均地表温度变化趋势,推测了可能的地下岩浆囊分布位置及活动特征.研究结果表明,腾冲地区现今地下可能存在3个岩浆囊:第1个位于五合-新华-蒲川-团田一带,面积约为537km2,地温异常最明显;第2个位于朗蒲-热海-马鞍山地区,面积约为226km2,地温异常次之;第3个位于马站-曲石之间,面积约为28km2,地温异常较为明显.3个地温异常区在年内的地表温度变化趋势基本一致,而且周期性明显,均在5～6月份和8～9月份出现2个温度峰.其中朗蒲-热海-马鞍山异常区的地温变化波动最大,可能反映地下岩浆囊地热系统与地表地下水系统的对流交换活动性更强.MODIS夜间月平均地表温度数据得出的结果与测震、GPS形变、He同位素比值及最大相对地热梯度等方法推测的地温异常区范围具有很好的一致性,特别是地温异常区年内温度周期性变化的发现,表明卫星热红外遥感技术应用于地热异常实时监测与研究的巨大潜力.     

广东省惠州市博罗—大亚湾NW-SE向断陷系统地热资源分析

博罗—大亚湾断陷区位于广东省惠州市西南部,处在我国东南沿海构造活动带,自新生代以来,受太平洋板块和欧亚大陆板块俯冲作用的影响,洋陆系统相互作用导致构造活动活跃,岩浆侵入、火山喷发频繁,地震活动强烈,地表热流值较全国而言比较高,沿着北西走向的博罗—大亚湾线性断陷系统内发育厚层的陆相碎屑沉积,众多的高温热泉出露在裂陷边界,显示出良好的地热资源潜力。通过研究分析深部重磁电震等地球物理资料,发现区域内不仅拥有丰富的浅层次水热型地热热源,深部层位可能存在优质的干热岩储层,初步推断其热源来自新生代南海地幔底辟作用,其导致壳幔物质非均匀流动,在陆壳地区底部发生熔融,向浅部不断传导形成线性热隆伸展构造,控制着整个断陷内的地热系统。     

Variable Phanerozoic thermal history in the Southern Canadian Shield: Evidence from an apatite fission track profile at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Manitoba

Analysis of a 1.15 km deep apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology profile at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), in the southwestern Canadian Shield suggests two Phanerozoic heating and cooling episodes indicating significant, previously unsuspected, Phanerozoic heat flow variations. Phanerozoic temperature and heat flow variations are temporally associated with burial and erosion of the Precambrian crystalline shield and its overlying Phanerozoic successions, which are now eroded completely. Maximum Phanerozoic temperatures occurred in the late Paleozoic when the geothermal gradient is estimated to have been ~ 40-50 °C/km (compared to a present day gradient of ~ 14 ± 2 °C/km) and the sedimentary cover was ~ 800-1100 m thick. Our thermal history models, confirm regional stratigraphic relationships that suggest that the Paleozoic succession was completely eroded prior to beginning of Mesozoic sedimentation. A second heating phase occurred during Late Cretaceous-Paleogene burial when the geothermal gradient is estimated to have been ~ 20-25 °C/km and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession was ~ 1200 to 1400 m thick. The Phanerozoic thermal history at the URL site shows a pattern similar to that inferred previously for the epicratonic Williston Basin, the centre of which lies several 100 km to the west. This implies a common regional thermal history for cratonic rocks underlying both the basin and the currently exposed shield. It is suggested that the morphotectonic differences between the Williston Basin and the exposed shield at the URL are due to a dissimilar thermomechanical response to a common, but more complicated than previously inferred, Phanerozoic geodynamic history. The two Phanerozoic periods of variations in geothermal gradient (heat flow) were coeval with epeirogenic movements related to the deposition and erosion of sediments. These paleogeodynamic variations are tentatively attributed to far-field effects of orogenic processes occurring at the plate margin (i.e. the Antler and the Cordilleran orogenies) and the associated accumulation of cratonic seaway sedimentary sequences (Kaskaskia and Zuni sequences).     

Discussion on heat source mechanism and geothermal system of Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin

The Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin together with the alternatively distributed mountainous region shows characteristics that the conductive geothermal resource of the basin has high geothermal gradient, the granite occurs in the bottom of borehole for geothermal exploration, and the convective hot springs in the basin-edge uplift fracture are in zonal distribution and with high-temperature geothermal water. There are still some divergences about the heat source mechanism of the basin. In this paper, queries to the view of mantle-derived heat source have been put forward, coming up with geochemical evidences to prove that the radiogenic heat of granite is the heat source within the mantle. Additionally, temperature curve is drawn based on the geothermal boring and geochemical geothermometer has been adopted for an estimation of the temperature and depth of the geothermal reservoir, it has been found that the surrounding mountains belong to the medium-temperature geothermal system while the area within the basin belongs to the high-temperature geothermal system with the temperature of borehole bottom reaching up to 175-180 ℃. In this paper, discussions on the problems existing in the calculation of geothermal gradient and the differences generated by the geothermal system have been carried out.     

Thermal insulation and geothermal targeting,with specific reference to coal-bearing basins

Coal-bearing basins have increased economic potential for enhanced geothermal systems owing to thermal insulation provided by the coal and associated organic-rich sediments. In such insulation-dominated prospects, heat refraction effects associated with buried insulators can produce negative surface heat-flow anomalies in the most prospective areas. The Latrobe Valley in Victoria, Australia, is an archetypal coal basin. Using numerical simulations incorporating the coal geometries, we show that the Latrobe Valley coals might elevate the temperature of the rocks at 4 km depth by some 30–35°C relative to a ‘base’ condition with no coal. This effectively boosts the average geothermal gradient by about 30%, with a corresponding improvement in the economic case for geothermal energy in the Latrobe Valley.