发头裸腹溞休眠卵发育的温度因子分析

测定了不同温度下发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体眠卵的孵化时间及孵化率;取最先孵出和过半数孵出的两组数据依莱奥姆积温法则求得种群休眠卵最低临界温度为12.00℃,最低有效积温为441.61℃·h;最低亚致死高温点(即最适温度)为35.16℃,以及最低死亡高温点39.44℃。种群中过半数的临界温度为12.88℃,过半数有效积温为557.10℃·h,过半数的亚致死高温点为35.56℃以及过半数死亡高温点为39.49℃。讨论了这些参数在枝角类集约化培养中休眠卵的有效保存与启用所具有的实践意义。     

新疆艾比湖卤虫休眠卵发育的温度因子分析

在不同的温度下对新疆艾比湖卤虫休眠卵进行了孵化试验 ,研究了卤虫发育速度与温度之间的关系 ,提出了相应的数学模型 ;V(T) =(k·T +c)·(1-exp(- (T -TH) /rH) ) ;并以此求算了该种群休眠卵孵化的最低临界温度为 5 .5 6℃ ,平均临界温度为 5 .96℃ ,最低有效积温为 342 .4 7℃×h ,平均有效积温为 4 13.6 3℃×h ;同时还就最适温度、耐温上限比较了高能卵与均能卵在适温能力上的差异 ,并最后讨论了这些参数在集约化养殖中的实践意义 .     

两种提取枝角类休眠卵基因组DNA方法的比较

休眠卵是枝角类在环境胁迫条件下通过有性生殖形成的,休眠卵的孵化对种群补充与恢复有着重要作用.沉积于底泥中的休眠卵保存了不同阶段的种群遗传信息,有效地提取枝角类休眠卵基因组DNA是进一步研究水体枝角类遗传多样性的关键环节.采用目前国际上使用的氯仿异戊醇提取法和玻璃乳提取法分别对流溪河水库底泥中表层和底层的盔型溞(Daphnia galeata)休眠卵进行基因组DNA提取的比较分析.结果显示,氯仿异戊醇提取法成功率为27.5%,平均浓度为14.25±1.84 ng/μl;玻璃乳提取法成功率为65.0%,平均浓度为28.37±2.56 ng/μl.无论是提取成功率还是提取浓度玻璃乳提取法都显著高于氯仿异戊醇提取法,且玻璃乳提取法所用试剂少,不涉及有毒试剂,操作步骤简单,整个提取过程所用时间短,玻璃乳提取法提取枝角类休眠卵基因组DNA是一种快捷实用的方法.     

温度和食物密度对裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)生命表统计学参数的影响

运用单个体培养方法研究了温度(15、20、25和30℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度(1.0×10⁶、3.0×10⁶和5.0×10⁶cells/ml)对裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)出生时的生命期望、世代时间、总生殖率、净生殖率、种群内禀增长率和后代混交率等生活史参数的影响.结果表明,温度对轮虫出生时的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和总生殖率均有显著的影响,但对种群内禀增长率和后代混交率无显著的影响;食物密度对轮虫的净生殖率和总生殖率均有显著的影响,但对轮虫出生时的生命期望、世代时间、种群内禀增长率和后代混交率均无显著的影响;食物密度与温度之间的交互作用对轮虫所有生命表统计学参数均无显著影响.轮虫出生时的生命期望和世代时间均随着温度的升高而逐渐显著缩短.轮虫的净生殖率在15℃下最低,30℃下最高,20和25℃间无显著差异;轮虫的总生殖率在15℃下较低,20、25和30℃下较高且三者间无显著差异;轮虫的净生殖率和总生殖率均在3.0×10⁶cells/ml食物密度下较高,1.0×10⁶和5.0×10⁶cells/ml食物密度下较低且两者间无显著差异.     

鄱阳湖湿地豆雁(Anser fabalis)越冬种群的春季迁徙路线及其活动特征

了解迁徙路线和迁徙前后活动规律对候鸟的保护具有重要意义.2019年2-3月,在鄱阳湖对20只豆雁（Anser fabalis）佩戴了卫星跟踪器,研究了鄱阳湖豆雁越冬种群的迁徙路线和活动特征.结果表明,最早的个体在3月12日开始北迁,较晚的个体4月25日北迁,截至6月20日仍有部分个体没有迁徙.豆雁卫星追踪时间为60.5±15.6天（n=19）,迁徙距离为1349.5±1004.9 km （n=18）,迁徙时间为34.7±16.1天（n=18）,停歇地的数量为6±3（n=18）.豆雁的春季迁徙路线可以分为东线和中线两部分,东线经过我国安徽、江苏、山东、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江,进入俄罗斯;中线经过我国湖北、安徽、河南、河北、内蒙古,进入蒙古.豆雁在30°~40°N之间较少做长时间的停留,而在40°~50°N之间会做2.7±1.1次（n=9）较长时间的停歇,每次停歇长达12.7±7.2天（n=24）,东北平原和内蒙古高原东部是豆雁重要的中途停歇地.豆雁日间的活动量显著高于夜间,迁徙前期的活动量显著高于迁徙期,迁徙前期在8：00-9：00和18：00-19：00两个时段为活动高峰,迁徙期每天7：00-8：00和18：00-19：00两个时段为活动高峰.在不同环境温度区内豆雁的活动距离存在显著差异（n=8827,df=9,P=0.000）,在0~5℃时的平均活动距离最大,为4.9±14.4 km/h.     

太湖常见3种沉水植物附着生物的生物量及潜在反硝化速率

反硝化作用是将氮素从湖泊中彻底去除的重要途径之一,对于减轻湖泊富营养化具有重要意义。为了探究太湖沉水植物附着生物的生物量、潜在反硝化速率变化规律及其与环境因素的关系,在沉水植物生长盛期(7月),以太湖沉水植物主要分布区域东部湖湾作为采样区域,研究了太湖常见的3种沉水植物上附着生物的生物量,并利用乙炔抑制法测定沉水植物上附着生物的潜在反硝化速率,分析了太湖沉水植物附着生物的生物量及其潜在反硝化速率的主要影响因素。结果表明,太湖常见的3种沉水植物单位体表面积附着生物的生物量(AFDM)在0.037~0.789 mg/m²之间,均值为(0.389±0.261) mg/m²,沉水植物上附着生物的生物量存在空间差异,最大值出现在贡湖湾G1采样点((0.794±0.007) mg/m²),最小值出现在胥口湾X1采样点((0.041±0.005) mg/m²)。太湖沉水植物单位体表面积附着生物的潜在反硝化速率在3.09~58.80 μmol/(m²·h)之间,均值为(24.75±5.96)μmol/(m²·h)。太湖沉水植物附着生物的潜在反硝化速率存在空间差异,其中最大值出现在贡湖湾G1采样点((58.80±20.20) μmol/(m²·h)),最小值出现在胥口湾X1采样点((3.09±1.79) μmol/(m²·h))。相同条件下,沉水植物附着生物的生物量及潜在反硝化速率因植物种类的不同而存在差异,狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)上的附着生物的生物量及潜在反硝化速率显著高于苦草(Vallisneria natans)。相关性分析结果表明,沉水植物上附着生物的生物量与水体氮磷浓度相关。沉水植物附着生物的潜在反硝化速率与附着藻类的生物量、水体溶解有机碳及pH存在显著相关关系,这3种因子可以解释81.2%的沉水植物附着生物潜在反硝化速率变化,本研究结果可为进一步研究浅水湖泊脱氮过程及富营养化治理提供一定的理论依据。     

温度、光照强度及硝酸盐对拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii N8)生长的影响

以从南亚热带水库中分离的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii N8)为材料,研究了不同温度(12、16、20、24、28、32℃)、光照强度(6.6、12.4、21.5、30.7、62.9、106.4μmol/(m²·s))和硝态氮浓度(0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128 mg/L)下拟柱孢藻的生长特性.结果表明:在实验设置的温度范围(16~32℃)内拟柱孢藻能够正常生长;最适温度范围为24~28℃,在28℃条件下,具有最大比生长速率,为0.189 d^-1;当温度为12℃时,拟柱孢藻叶绿素a浓度一直降低,显著低于其他温度组(16~32℃).在6.6~106.4μmol/(m²·s)光照强度范围内,拟柱孢藻均呈指数增长趋势,最适光照强度为30.7μmol/(m²·s),其比生长速率达到最大值,为0.156 d^-1;高光照强度(62.9~106.4μmol/(m²·s))下拟柱孢藻的比生长速率显著大于低光照强度(6.6~12.4μmol/(m²·s))处理组.拟柱孢藻开始指数增长的最低硝态氮浓度为4 mg/L;硝态氮浓度为8 mg/L时,拟柱孢藻达到最大比生长速率(0.155 d^-1);当硝态氮浓度高于16 mg/L时比生长速率增加不显著.高硝态氮浓度组(16~128 mg/L)拟柱孢藻的叶绿素a浓度和比生长速率显著高于低硝态氮浓度组(0.5~2 mg/L).研究结果说明拟柱孢藻对温度、光照和氮源均有较宽的生态位,有利于在较大空间尺度上进行扩散.     

鞍山-海城地区地震地下水地球化学研究

通过测量辽宁省鞍山-海城地区地震重点监测区地下水离子浓度和氢、氧同位素组成,讨论了该区地下水化学类型的时空变化及其成因。测量结果表明,取样点水温变化范围为11.0～97.0℃,水样的总固溶物（TDS）在197.89～829.99mg/L之间,水样分为8种化学类型。大部分水样的δD、δ¹⁸O值均沿中国东北地区大气降水线分布,少数有所偏离,表明该区的地下水主要接受大气降水的补给,并可能有深部水的供给。研究区Ca-HCO₃和Ca·Mg-HCO₃型水主要是岩石风化溶解和阳离子交换作用的结果;Ca-HCO₃·Cl和Ca·Na-Cl·SO₄型水主要受岩石风化溶解、阳离子交换作用、深部卤水混入或人类活动影响;Ca-HCO₃·SO₄和Ca-SO₄·HCO₃型水与岩石风化溶解以及深部流体混入有关;Na-SO₄·HCO₃和Na-HCO₃·SO₄型水主要是深部来源水体的混入造成的。采样期间研究区发生2次M_L≥3.0地震,采样点在地震发生月份出现了明显的离子浓度异常变化;Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度变化明显,对地震活动响应较灵敏。     

基于不同模型的河口区水产养殖塘水-气界面CH4气体传输速率及扩散通量研究

模型估算法是水-气界面甲烷（CH₄）通量监测的主要方法.本研究选择6种不同的参数化模型方法估算了2015年6、8和10月两个亚热带河口养殖塘水-气界面CH₄传输速率（k_x）及其扩散通量,探讨了河口养殖塘k_x及CH₄扩散通量的变化特征和影响因子.结果表明：研究期间,不同模型估算下的k_x及其扩散通量均值在闽江河口养殖塘变化范围分别为1.60±0.75~6.29±1.30 cm/h和9.19±2.67~30.64±6.28 μmol/（m²·h）,在九龙江河口养殖塘的变化范围分别为0.89±0.19~6.07±0.61 cm/h和3.18±0.48~21.03±2.13 μmol/（m²·h）;k_x及其扩散通量在两个河口区均呈现随时间推移而升高的特征;整个养殖期间,养殖塘水-气界面平均CH₄传输速率k_x呈现闽江河口略高于九龙江河口（P>0.05）,但水-气界面平均CH₄扩散通量呈现闽江河口显著高于九龙江河口的特征（P<0.05）;风速、水体溶解CH₄浓度和盐度是调控河口区养殖塘水-气界面CH₄扩散通量变化的重要因子;不同模型估算出的河口养殖塘水-气界面CH₄传输速率k_x存在差异,表明模型估算法获得的水-气界面CH₄扩散通量存在一定的不确定性.     

长江中下游5个湖泊黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)种群线粒体细胞色素b基因的遗传变异分析

对长江中下游5个湖泊的黄颡鱼种群的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因进行了PCR扩增、测序,获得了955 bp的序列.分析显示,cyt b序列中A+T含量略高于G+C含量,共检测到54个变异位点,60个样本得到37个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.945±0.018,核苷酸多样性为0.00419±0.00043,遗传多样性表现中等.太湖种群与滆湖种群间的遗传距离最远为0.00651,鄱阳湖种群和巢湖种群之间遗传距离最近为0.00375.分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,群体间遗传分化系数F_st为0.0684,几乎所有变异都来自群体内,群体间遗传分化极小.cyt b序列构建UPGMA系统进化树显示,5个种群没有分化成不同的分枝谱系,种群间存在广泛的基因交流.     

Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest

In order to evaluate factors controlling transpiration of six common eastern deciduous species in North America, a model describing responses of canopy stomatal conductance (G_S) to net radiation (R_N), vapor pressure deficit (D) and relative extractable soil water (REW) was parameterized from sap flux data. Sap flux was measured in 24 mature trees consisting of the species Carya tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua in a bottomland oak-hickory forest in the Duke Forest, NC. Species differences in model coefficients were found during the 1997 growing season. All species showed a reduction in G_S with increasing D. R_N influenced G_S in the overstory shade intolerant L. styraciflua to a larger extent than the other species measured. In addition, despite a severe drought during the study period, only L. tulipifera showed a decline in G_S with decreasing REW. The primary effect of the drought for the other species appeared to be early autumn leaf senescence and abscission. As a result, despite the drought in this bottomland forest accustomed to ample water supply, maximum daily transpiration (1.6 mm) and growing season transpiration (264 mm) were similar to a nearby upland forest measured during a year of above average precipitation. These results may aid in assessing differences in water use and the ability of bottomland deciduous species to tolerate alterations in the frequency or amount of precipitation. Results also suggest little variation in water use among forests of similar composition and structure growing in different positions in the landscape and subjected to large interannual variation in water supply.     

Respiratory adaptations to oxygen lack in three species of Glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea) in Lake Esrom, Denmark

The weight-specific respiration rate (μl O₂ mg⁻¹ AFDW h⁻¹) of three species of leech from Lake Esrom, Denmark, Glossiphonia concolor, G. complanata and Helobdella stagnalis was measured in a closed stirred chamber with a micro electrode. At declining oxygen concentration (mg O₂ l⁻¹) all three species expressed moderate ability to regulate respiration, in G. concolor and G. complanata down to 2 mg O₂ l⁻¹, in H. stagnalis down to 0.75 mg O₂ l⁻¹. Survival in anoxia was measured in closed bottles. The time to 50% survival (LD₅₀) was 30 days in G. concolor at 20 °C and 30 and 4 days in H. stagnalis at 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to habitat and spatial distribution of the three species in the lake.     

Prevalence and abundance of two trematode parasites,Diplostomum phoxini andMacrolecithus papilliger in European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) in an artificial Swiss Alpine lake

The influence of parasites on the breeding biology of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was studied by examining 268 adult and 59 young-of-the-year minnows from an artificial Swiss Alpine lake for parasites during the breeding seasons in 1990 and 1991. Two trematode parasites;Diplostomum phoxini, in their brains, andMacrolecithus papilliger, in their guts, were found. The prevalence ofD. phoxini was 100% in both years. The mean abundance was 231 in 1990 and 448 in 1991; the difference was significant. Prevalence (and abundance) ofM. papilliger was 37.5% (1.04±0.39) in 1990 and 59.5% (2.68±0.55) in 1991; also significantly higher in 1991 than in 1990. No differences in prevalence or abundance between males and females were found. Numbers of both parasites were significantly correlated with fish length. There was seasonal variation in the abundance ofD. phoxini metacercariae, with a peak in June/July in both years. The prevalence ofM. papiller decreased after July in both years. Distribution of the two trematodes was overdispersed as indicated by the variance to mean (abundance) ratio. The observed seasonal variation inD. phoxini abundance also suggests that sublethal parasites could influence the population dynamics of their hosts.     

Fungal infection of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda, crustacea) in Lake Mondsee

An Aphanomyces sp. (Oomycetes) was found to be an important egg parasite of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda) in Lake Mondsee (Austria). The infection is evidenced by densely packed infection hyphae, attached with holdfasts and wrapped around the female's abdomen. The infection hyphae give rise to hyphae which penetrate the egg sac, and subsequently kill all eggs. The infection obviously has no pathogenetic effects on the egg-carrying female. Infected females appear during summer and fall, mainly in warm water layers. Infected egg clutches are found at all seasons of the year, indicating considerable birth control of the Eudiaptomus population by parasite infection. It seems possible that the actual Aphanomyces sp. is not the only parasite involved.     

1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落变化

通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演.     

Mixed heavy metals tolerance and radial oxygen loss in mangrove seedlings

The effects of a mixture of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) on growth, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and the spatial pattern of ROL were investigated in mangrove seedlings of three species: Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Heavy metals inhibited the growth of seedlings and led to decreased ROL and changes in the “tight” barrier spatial pattern of ROL. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of ROL from the roots of seedlings and metal tolerance. The species with the highest ROL amount, B. gymnorrhiza, were also the most tolerant to heavy metals. The “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern was also related to metal tolerance in the seedlings. Therefore, we conclude that both ROL amount and “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern in the roots of the mangrove seedlings play an important role in resistance to heavy metal toxicity.     

Alien aquatic plants in a thermally abnormal river and their assembly to neophyte-dominated macrophyte stands (River Erft, Northrhine-Westphalia)

Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread.     

Seismicity and codaQ values in the eastern Pyrenees: First results from the La Cerdanya seismic network

Seismicity in the La Cerdanya region of the eastern Pyrenees has been accurately mapped for the first time using data from a local seismic network. The majority of earthquakes lies on or near the La Cerdanya fault or secondary faults to the south. Coda magnitudes determined for these earthquakes, using magnitude relations from other regions, range between –0.5 and 2.2. These are, however, presumed to be underdetermined values sinceQ values appear to be very low in the La Cerdanya region. CodaQ values at a frequency of 1.5 Hz range between 17 and 120, the lowest values being obtained for the most seismically active regions. CodaQ values also increase with increasing distance, a result which indicates decreasing seismic attenuation with increasing depth in the crust.     

Differential piscivory of the native Percichthys trucha and exotic salmonids upon the native forage fish Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes

The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia.     

亚热带河口区对虾养殖池塘浮游植物初级生产力变化

浮游植物初级生产力是评估水产养殖系统结构与功能的基础环节,对渔业资源的开发与管理具有重要意义.于2018年5-10月,采用黑白瓶法对闽江河口区的3个南美白对虾养殖塘(Pond Ⅰ、Pond Ⅱ和Pond Ⅲ)水体浮游植物初级生产力进行了原位监测,初步研究了初级生产力在池塘间的差异性及其时间变化特征.结果显示,养殖期间养...