Seasonal variation of PM10-bound PAHs in the atmosphere of Xiamen, China

PM₁₀ samples from a garden site (site A), an industrial-traffic intersection (site B), a residential site (site C) and an island site (site D) were collected at December 21–29, 2004; March 18–22, 2005; July 4–13, 2005 and October 24–28, 2005 in Xiamen. 15 priority PAHs compounds were analyzed by using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The abundance and origin of PAHs are discussed to reveal seasonal variations in Xiamen air quality. Average concentrations of Σ15PAHs were 17.5 ng/m³, 3.7 ng/m³, 32.6 ng/m³ and 10.5 ng/m³ from spring to winter with the highest value in autumn. The dominant PAHs components in every season were low and middle molecular weight PAHs including phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoranthene and chrysene. Diagnostic ratios and PCA analysis identified the main sources of particle bound PAHs: mainly from both gasoline and diesel vehicles exhaust, with some contribution from coal combustion, industry emission and cooking sources.     

Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 samples in Shanghai, China

Shanghai is the largest industrial and commercial city in China, and its air quality has been deteriorating for several decades. However, there are scarce researches on the level and seasonal variation of fine particle (PM_2.5) as well as the carbonaceous fractions when compared with other cities in China and around the world. In the present paper, abundance and seasonal characteristics of PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were studied at urban and suburban sites in Shanghai during four season-representative months in 2005–2006 year. PM_2.5 samples were collected with high-vol samplers and analyzed for OC and EC using thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) protocol. Results showed that the annual average PM_2.5 concentrations were 90.3–95.5 μg/m³ at both sites, while OC and EC were 14.7–17.4 μg/m³ and 2.8–3.0 μg/m³, respectively, with the OC/EC ratios of 5.0–5.6. The carbonaceous levels ranked by the order of Beijing > Guangzhou > Shanghai > Hong Kong. The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for  30% of the PM_2.5 mass. On seasonal average, the highest OC and EC levels occurred during fall, and they were higher than the values in summer by a factor of 2. Strong correlations (r = 0.79–0.93) between OC and EC were found in the four seasons. Average level of secondary organic carbon (SOC) was 5.7–7.2 μg/m³, accounting for  30% of the total OC. Strong seasonal variation was observed for SOC with the highest value during fall, which was about two times the annual average.     

Variations of levels and composition of PM10 and PM2.5 at an insular site in the Western Mediterranean

The insular suburban site of Castillo de Bellver was selected for the study of the variability of PM levels and composition in the Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB).Mean annual (in 2004) PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels at this site were 29 and 20 µg/m³, respectively. These levels may be regarded as relatively low when compared with other suburban insular locations in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin (EMB), but they are higher than those recorded at most of the European suburban sites, especially in Northern and Western Europe. Seasonal variability of PM levels at this site is governed by meteorology rather than local emissions, whereas the daily cycles are clearly defined by the anthropogenic emissions, mainly coming from the urban area of Palma de Mallorca and the harbour area of the same city.Concerning the aerosol composition at this site, the main PM constituent is the mineral matter (29% in PM₁₀ and 16 % in PM_2.5), more than 50% (in PM₁₀) being attributable to African dust. The amount of secondary inorganic aerosols is also very high (27% in PM₁₀ and 34% in PM_2.5), with the predominance of fine ammonium sulphate, and in a less proportion fine ammonium nitrate (in winter) and coarse Ca and Na nitrate (with higher importance in summer). The carbonaceous particles, dominantly fine, account for 17% of PM₁₀ and 25% of PM_2.5. The elemental carbon/organic carbon (EC/OC) ratio reached a mean value of 0.17, similar to those observed at regional background sites in the WMB coast of Spain. The sea spray aerosols (mainly coarse) represented around 10% of PM₁₀, and only 4% in PM_2.5. Finally, the unaccounted fraction increased from 15% to 20% in PM_2.5, being mostly attributed to water.The concentrations of trace elements in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were usually in the range to those observed in regional background sites in the Iberian Peninsula, with the exception of the typical tracers of road traffic such as Cu, Sb, Zn, Sn and Ba, which presented concentrations in the range of urban sites of Iberia. Other elements such as Cr, Zr, Hf and Co have been identified as the main tracers of the harbour contributions.     

2007和2008年夏季北京奥运馆大气PM10与PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

为了监测北京奥运主场馆附近大气颗粒物的污染状况以及评估奥运污染源减排措施对北京大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的影响,利用颗粒物在线监测仪器TEOM于2007年和2008年夏季,在奥运主场馆附近的中国科学院遥感应用研究所办公楼楼顶对大气颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5进行了连续同步观测。结果表明,2007年夏季监测点附近大气PM₁₀与PM_2.5质量浓度的平均值分别为153.9和71.2μg·m^-3,而2008年夏季PM₁₀与PM_2.5质量浓度的平均值分别为85.2和52.8μg·m^-3。与奥运前一年同时段相比,奥运时段大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5的质量浓度分别下降44.5%和25.1%。对比分析奥运前后的2次典型污染过程发现,空气相对湿度的增加和偏南气流输送的共同影响易造成大气颗粒物的累积增长,而降雨的湿清除作用和偏北气流则会使大气颗粒物浓度迅速降低。在相近的气象条件下,奥运前后的污染过程中,大气细粒子的日均增长速率分别为25.1和13.9μg·m^-3·d^-1,而大气粗粒子的日均增长速率分别为20.8和2.2μg·m^-3·d^-1,奥运时段污染累积过程中大气粗、细粒子的增长速率分别显著低于和略低于奥运前同时段污染过程中颗粒物的增长速率。污染源减排措施的实施是奥运期间大气颗粒物质量浓度降低的主要原因,从控制效果来看,奥运期间实施的污染源减排措施对大气粗粒子的控制效果明显好于大气细粒子。     

2013-2015年合肥市PM2.5重污染特征研究

综合利用中国环境监测网公布的合肥市2013-2015年大气污染物浓度数据和合肥市气象站的常规气象资料,以及激光雷达探测资料、公益性行业（气象）专项（GYHY201206011）获得的气溶胶离子成分分析结果,分析了合肥市PM_2.5重污染（日均浓度>150 μg/m3）特征。结果表明:（1）2013-2015年,合肥市PM_2.5浓度和重污染天数空间分布差异明显,东北部多、西南部少,1月各站差异最大。除了低浓度日（日均浓度≤35 μg/m3）,PM_2.5浓度都存在明显的日变化,午后低、早晚高,且随着污染程度加重,早上峰值出现时间推后。（2）重污染日臭氧以外的气态污染物浓度都显著上升。（3）重污染日常伴随着霾和轻雾天气,以稳定、小风天气为主,重污染日白天相对湿度偏高、风速偏小,600 m以下的消光系数显著增大且峰值高度降低。（4）重污染日PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子含量增高,其中NO₃-含量的占比增加最多,超过了SO₄2-的占比。      

南京市城市不同功能区PM10和PM2.1质量浓度的季节变化特征

使用Anderson-Ⅱ型9级撞击采样器测量了南京市鼓楼商业区、江北工业区、钟山风景区和宁六高速公路交通源春、夏、秋三季的大气气溶胶质量浓度。分析结果表明:南京市PM_2.1和PM₁₀的质量浓度存在明显的季节变化,秋季>春季>夏季;ρ_PM10春季为167.47 μg/m³,夏季为 85.99 μg/m³,秋季为238.99 μg/m³;ρ_PM2.1春季为59.66 μg/m³,夏季为42.80 μg/m³,秋季为100.15 μg/m³。不同季节中ρ_PM10和ρ_PM2.1均存在较好的相关性,夏季相关性最好,相关系数为0.952;秋季次之,相关系数为0.783;春季相对较差,相关系数为0.613。城市不同功能区之间ρ_PM2.1和ρ_PM10的质量浓度值差异很大,交通源>工业区>商业区>风景区。城市不同功能区的质量浓度谱分布基本一致,均为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于0.43~0.65 μm/m³和9.0~10.0 μm/m³。南京市春、夏、秋三个季节大气粒子质量浓度谱为双峰分布,粒子主要集中在0.43~3.3 μm/m³的粒径段。江北工业区ρ_PM10和ρ_PM2.1质量浓度的相关系数为0.814,略高于鼓楼商业区的0.797。     

南京市城市不同功能区PM10和PM2.1质量浓度的季节变化特征

使用Anderson-Ⅱ型9级撞击采样器测量了南京市鼓楼商业区、江北工业区、钟山风景区和宁六高速公路交通源春、夏、秋三季的大气气溶胶质量浓度。分析结果表明:南京市PM_2.1和PM₁₀的质量浓度存在明显的季节变化,秋季>春季>夏季;ρ_PM10春季为167.47 μg/m³,夏季为 85.99 μg/m³,秋季为238.99 μg/m³;ρ_PM2.1春季为59.66 μg/m³,夏季为42.80 μg/m³,秋季为100.15 μg/m³。不同季节中ρ_PM10和ρ_PM2.1均存在较好的相关性,夏季相关性最好,相关系数为0.952;秋季次之,相关系数为0.783;春季相对较差,相关系数为0.613。城市不同功能区之间ρ_PM2.1和ρ_PM10的质量浓度值差异很大,交通源>工业区>商业区>风景区。城市不同功能区的质量浓度谱分布基本一致,均为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于0.43~0.65 μm/m³和9.0~10.0 μm/m³。南京市春、夏、秋三个季节大气粒子质量浓度谱为双峰分布,粒子主要集中在0.43~3.3 μm/m³的粒径段。江北工业区ρ_PM10和ρ_PM2.1质量浓度的相关系数为0.814,略高于鼓楼商业区的0.797。     

Comparison of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations in Large Cities of China during the COVID-19 Lockdown

Estimating the impacts on PM_2.5pollution and CO₂emissions by human activities in different urban regions is important for developing efficient policies.In early 2020,China implemented a lockdown policy to contain the spread of COVID-19,resulting in a significant reduction of human activities.This event presents a convenient opportunity to study the impact of human activities in the transportation and industrial sectors on air pollution.Here,we investigate the variations in air quality attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown policy in the megacities of China by combining in-situ environmental and meteorological datasets,the Suomi-NPP/VIIRS and the CO₂emissions from the Carbon Monitor project.Our study shows that PM_2.5concentrations in the spring of 2020 decreased by 41.87%in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)and 43.30%in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),respectively,owing to the significant shutdown of traffic and manufacturing industries.However,PM_2.5concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region only decreased by 2.01%because the energy and steel industries were not fully paused.In addition,unfavorable weather conditions contributed to further increases in the PM_2.5concentration.Furthermore,CO₂concentrations were not significantly affected in China during the short-term emission reduction,despite a 19.52%reduction in CO₂emissions compared to the same period in 2019.Our results suggest that concerted efforts from different emission sectors and effective long-term emission reduction strategies are necessary to control air pollution and CO₂emissions.     

春季沙尘对关中地区PM2.5 浓度影响的多尺度模拟研究

“一带一路”建设让古代丝绸之路的起点——西安成为世界焦点，西安的空气质量也是政府和公众关注的焦点。以2017年5月我国北方的一次强沙尘过程为例，首次利用中国科学院大气物理研究所气溶胶和大气化学模式系统IAP-AACM（Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics）模拟关中地区细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的时空分布，并结合地面逐小时PM_2.5观测数据对沙尘气溶胶和PM_2.5模拟的关系进行深入探究。结果表明:加入沙尘组分对模拟关中地区PM_2.5时空变化特征作用显著，相关性可提升0.4～0.6，并且可以很好地再现强沙尘时段PM_2.5浓度骤增的过程；在强沙尘时段和一般时段，沙尘组分对PM_2.5的贡献分别为60%～80%和10%～30%；0.11°×0.11°高分辨率模拟有助于提升模式捕捉污染物时空变化的能力。     

Composition and sources of organic matter in atmospheric PM10 over a two year period in Beijing, China

The solvent-extractable organic compounds of atmospheric PM₁₀ samples, collected over two years beginning in 2003 at urban and suburban sites of Beijing, were characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The elemental carbon (EC) contents were determined and ranged from 4.3 to 42 μg m^− 3. Organic compounds in total extracts were identified and included unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and series of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); saccharides, alkanedioic acids, steroids, and other biomarkers and source tracers. The seasonal variations of their relative abundances are discussed. The abundance order for the major molecular classes in the particulate organic matter (POM) was the following: UCM > saccharides > n-alkanoic acids >n-alkanes > n-alkanols > PAHs > hydroxy-PAHs > other biomarker tracers. Based on the genetic significance of the molecular tracers, the dominant sources of POM are proposed for the two sampling sites. The emissions from fossil fuel use (both coal and petroleum products), biomass combustion, other pyrolysis sources, higher plant wax, and secondary products contribute > 98.0% of the POM mass. The fossil fuel use (average = 65% of POM) is the largest contributor and derives mainly from vehicular traffic.     

唐山市PM2.5和O3行业来源解析

京津冀位于华北平原腹地,面临着严重的空气污染问题,尤其是河北省的重点工业城市唐山,长期位于全国空气质量最差的前十名。为改善空气质量,过去的十多年间我国颁布实施了多项污染防治计划,但唐山的PM_2.5和夏季O₃浓度仍超国家标准。为此,使用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)-CMAQ(Community Multiscale Air Quality Model)模型量化了唐山市2020年PM_2.5和O₃浓度的行业贡献并分析其协同控制可行性。工业源对唐山市PM_2.5浓度贡献最大,约占45%,其次是居民源约占16%。冬季能源、居民源和农业源占比为全年最高,分别达17%、19%和11%。O₃浓度的背景值约占一半以上,4月占比最高。在非背景值中,唐山O₃浓度最大来源为工业源,约占53%,其次是交通源,约占22%。生物源、交通源和能源行业的贡献在7月有所上升,分别约10%、27%和20%。不同污染情...     

Seasonal variation of particulate organic compounds in atmospheric PM10 in the biggest municipal waste landfill of Algeria

The average composition and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic particulates with respect to n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acid, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) were determined at the biggest municipal waste landfill in Algeria located in Oued Smar, 13 km east of downtown Algiers. Samplings were carried out from August 2002 to February 2003, and organic compounds adsorbed in air particles having an aerodynamic diameter lower than 10 μm (PM₁₀) were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MSD). Total concentrations ranged from 828 to 11,068 ng per cubic meter of air for n-alkanes, from 1714 to 21,710 ng per cubic meter of air for n-alkanoic acids, from 13 to 212 ng per cubic meter of air for PAHs and from 93 to 205 pg per cubic meter of air for N-PAHs. n-Alkanoic acids accounted for 85 and 56% of the total organic composition of the aerosol measured in summer and winter, respectively, were the biggest fraction. The distribution profiles and the diagnostic ratios of some marker compounds allowed to identify the combustion and microbial activity as the major sources of particulate organic pollutants associated with direct emission. The year-time dependence of organic fraction content of aerosol in Oued Smar appeared to be related to average meteorological conditions as well as variability of rate and nature of materials wasted into the landfill.     

Investigating the Transport Mechanism of PM2.5 Pollution during January 2014 in Wuhan,Central China

Severe haze pollution that occurred in January 2014 in Wuhan was investigated. The factors leading to Wuhan’s PM_2.5 pollution and the characteristics and formation mechanism were found to be significantly different from other megacities, like Beijing. Both the growth rates and decline rates of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan were lower than those in Beijing, but the monthly PM_2.5 value was approximately twice that in Beijing. Furthermore, the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations were often accompanied by strong winds. A high-precision modeling system with an online source-tagged method was established to explore the formation mechanism of five haze episodes. The long-range transport of the polluted air masses from the North China Plain (NCP) was the main factor leading to the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, which contributed 53.4% of the monthly PM_2.5 concentrations and 38.5% of polluted days. Furthermore, the change in meteorological conditions such as weakened winds and stable weather conditions led to the accumulation of air pollutants in Wuhan after the long-range transport. The contribution from Wuhan and surrounding cities to the PM_2.5 concentrations was determined to be 67.4% during this period. Under the complex regional transport of pollutants from surrounding cities, the NCP, East China, and South China, the five episodes resulted in 30 haze days in Wuhan. The findings reveal important roles played by transregional and intercity transport in haze formation in Wuhan.     

Heavy metals in aerosol samples from the Eastern Pamirs collected 2004–2006

This study measured the concentration of heavy metal elements in atmospheric aerosol samples collected between July 2004 and April 2006 at a remote site on Mt. Muztagata (38°17'N, 75°01'E, 4430 m), in the Eastern Pamirs. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS) results show that the air at Muztagata contains low concentrations of As and heavy metal elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Bi), comparable with those in the Arctic — far lower than in heavily populated or industrialized areas. Observed enrichment factor (EF) values greater than 10 for those elements suggest partly anthropogenic sources. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, and As resemble those of crustal Al, with greater concentrations during the summer but lower ones in winter. Our results reveal that the background atmosphere in remote inner Asia is only weakly affected by anthropogenic pollution, and demonstrate that high heavy metal concentrations occur during summer but with greater EF values during the winter. The air mass back-trajectory analyses suggest that pollution from West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia are the main possible source areas that contribute to the heavy metals in aerosols at Muztagata.     

2017年中国大陆PM2.5浓度时空分布特征分析

利用我国366个环境质量监测站的逐时观测资料,统计分析中国区域2017年PM_2.5浓度的变化情况,绘制其时空分布图。研究结果表明:(1)2017年年均PM_2.5浓度最大为和田地区,浓度为133μg/m³,年均PM_2.5浓度最小为云南迪庆,浓度为10μg/m³,,其极值分布大致呈现南低北高,西低东高的趋势。(2)根据年平均值,日平均值最大值,最小值以及其差值的时空分布情况,PM_2.5质量浓度相对较大的地区为华北与东北部分地区,少部分位于华中地区,相对较小的区域为西北,西南以及东南沿海地区。(3)PM_2.5质量浓度的季节性变化趋势大致为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,其中新疆、西藏等地PM_2.5质量浓度变化受季节变化影响相对较大,华南及沿海地区受季节变化影响相对较小。     

荆门市冬季PM2.5传输轨迹及潜在源分析

对2015年3月至2018年2月共36个月荆门市PM2.5浓度值按月和季节作特征分析,利用HYSPLIT轨迹模型对污染最为严重的冬季进行后向48h气团轨迹模拟。结果表明：PM2.5月均浓度表现为1月最高,达到107μg/m3,7月最低,为30μg/m3,冬季平均值为92μg/m3,显著高于其它季节,并且冬季高浓度PM2.5主要与本地地面5—11m/s的偏北（N、NNE）大风伴随出现;气团轨迹分为西南、东北、西北三个路径,近地面传输的东北路径和高空传输的西南路径气团均引起PM2.5浓度升高,而西北路径气团整体上对污染物具有一定清除作用;东北路径方向的河南以及靠近荆门市的西北、西南向地区为48h的潜在源贡献大值区。在通过气象条件定性判断荆门未来的PM2.5浓度变化时,因东北路径近地面传输的特性,应关注上游潜在源区内地面站点PM2.5的浓度值;对于高空传输的西南路径,应关注高空水汽的输送情况,以及轨迹高度下降地区即水汽的沉降区是否在潜在源区;西北路径为干冷空气的高空传输,在较接近荆门时轨迹高度才开始明显下降,应关注西北方向近距离潜在源区的地面站点PM2.5的浓度值。     

Aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM10 aerosols from Baoji, China: Implications for coal burning

Normal alkanes and PAHs in atmospheric PM₁₀ aerosols collected during 2008 winter and spring in Baoji, a mid-scale inland city of China, were determined on a molecular level. Concentrations of n-alkanes ranged from 232 to 3583 ng/m³ with an average of 1733 ng/m³ in winter and from 124 to 1160 ng/m³ with an average of 449 ng/m³ in spring, while PAHs in the PM₁₀ samples were 594 ± 405 and 128 ± 82 ng/m³ in the two seasons. Molecular compositions showed that CPI (odd/even) values of n-alkanes were close to unity for all the samples especially in winter, and diagnostic ratios of PAHs (e.g., Phe/(Phe + Ant), CPAH/ΣPAHs and IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP)) were found similar to those in coal burning smoke with a strong linear relationship (R² ≥ 0.85) between PAHs and fossil fuel derived n-alkanes, demonstrating that coal burning is the main source of n-alkanes and PAHs in the city, especially in winter due to house heating. Concentrations of the determined compounds in Baoji are much higher than those in Chinese mega-cities, suggesting that air pollution in small cities in the country is more serious and need more attention.     

长江三角洲西部地区PM2.5输送轨迹分类研究

长三角4个省会（直辖市）城市（上海、南京、合肥、杭州）中,合肥与南京的PM_2.5浓度演变有较高的一致性。应用聚类分析的方法对2013-2015年合肥非降水日（日降水量低于10 mm）100 m高度（代表近地层）和1000 m高度（代表边界层中上部）的72 h后向轨迹进行分类,结合合肥2013-2015年PM_2.5日均浓度资料,探讨近地层和边界层中上部输送轨迹与长三角西部PM_2.5浓度的关系。近地层和边界层中上部分别得到7组和6组不同的后向轨迹;不同输送轨迹对应的PM_2.5浓度、重污染（重度以上污染,PM_2.5日均浓度大于150 μg/m³）天数、能见度、地面风速、相对湿度等都有显著不同,尤其是在近地层。100 m高度,平均长度最短、来向偏东的轨迹组对应的PM_2.5浓度均值最高（约是组内均值最低值的2倍）、重污染天数最多,且占比最高（30%）,重污染日对应的气流在过去72 h下降高度均值仅28 m,明显低于其他PM_2.5污染等级日;来向偏西北、长度较短的轨迹组,PM_2.5浓度均值和重污染天数为第2高,这一类轨迹占比14%,气流到达本地前存在明显的下沉运动,反映了远距离输送加剧本地PM_2.5重污染的特征。这两类轨迹常对应PM_2.5日均浓度的上升。PM_2.5平均浓度最低的2个轨迹组分别是来自东北和西南的较长轨迹组,所占比例分别为6.4%和10.3%,这2类轨迹往往对应着PM_2.5日均浓度下降。1000 m高度的结果与100 m高度结果类似,但PM_2.5平均浓度的组间差异不及100 m高度,与2001-2005年PM₁₀浓度与输送轨迹的关系不同。对3 a中84个重污染日两个高度的后向轨迹进行聚类,近地层和边界层中上部各得到7类和6类PM_2.5重污染日的天气形势。近地层92%的重污染日对应的海平面气压形势场上,从华北到华东属于均压区,气压梯度小,轨迹来向以偏东到偏北方向为主,垂直方向延伸高度在950 hPa以下。1000 m高度,77%的重污染日属于相对较短的轨迹组,对应的850 hPa高度场特征为从中国西北（新疆）到东南受高压控制,长三角或位于高压底部,或位于两高压之间的均压区。这对PM_2.5浓度预报有较好的指示意义。     

2014—2019年北京和南京地区PM2.5和臭氧质量浓度相关性研究

自2014年以来,中国细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度大幅度下降,但臭氧（O₃）浓度逐年缓慢上升,厘清PM_2.5和O₃（P-O）相关性尤为关键.在本研究中,2014—2019年北京和南京PM_2.5年均质量浓度下降幅度分别为-6.86和-6.15 μg·m^-3·a^-1;而日最大8小时平均O₃质量浓度（MDA8 O₃）年均增长幅度为1.50和1.75 μg·m^-3·a^-1.研究期间,北京地区MDA8 O₃质量浓度小于100 μg·m^-3,P-O呈负相关;而当质量浓度大于100 μg·m^-3时,P-O为正相关.通过Pearson相关系数研究P-O两者相关性.在两个城市每月相关性分析中,在每日时间尺度5—9月为强的正相关;而小时时间尺度11月至次年2月趋于负相关.在北京,P-O每月和季节相关性变化大于南京.在日变化中,夏季在16时为强的正相关,春秋两季在13—17时为弱的正相关,而在春、秋和冬季8时,却为强的负相关.     

2016—2017年中国中东部本底地区PM10化学特性

对中国中东部3个区域大气本底观测站2015年12月—2017年12月PM10质量浓度及其化学成分空间分布与季节变化特征进行研究,结果显示：研究期间龙凤山站、临安站和金沙站平均PM10质量浓度分别为57.5,62.2 μg·m-3和57.6 μg·m-3。其中临安站和金沙站2017年PM10质量浓度较2016年有所下降,但龙凤山站有所上升。与2013年相比,临安站和金沙站平均PM10质量浓度分别降低29.3%和26.2%。临安站SO42-,NO3-和NH4+平均质量浓度分别为9.9,8.2 μg·m-3和3.7 μg·m-3,金沙站分别为10.2,6.7 μg·m-3和2.6 μg·m-3,均高于龙凤山站的5.9,4.9 μg·m-3和2.1 μg·m-3,其中龙凤山站和临安站的NO3-与SO42-质量浓度比值较高（0.9和0.8）,金沙站较低（0.6）。龙凤山站的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）质量浓度分别为10.1 μg·m-3和2.7 μg·m-3,临安站为6.7 μg·m-3和3.1 μg·m-3,金沙站为4.7 μg·m-3和2.3 μg·m-3,即龙凤山站OC最高,金沙站最低,3个站点的EC基本相当,临安站略高。与2013年相比,研究期间临安站SO42-,NH4+和OC分别下降38.1%,26.0%和55.6%,金沙站分别下降46.3%,51.9%和44.7%,但临安站和金沙站的NO3-分别上升12.3%和15.5%;临安站EC下降27.9%,金沙站EC上升4.5%。3个站点夏季PM10,NO3-,EC质量浓度及NO3-与SO42-质量浓度比值均最低。