利用GRACE及气象数据评估GLDAS水文模型在青藏高原的适用性

以青藏高原地区为研究背景,以评估水文模型在该区的影响因素、改善条件及其整体适应性为研究目标,利用GRACE重力卫星对比水文模型模拟的陆地水变化,以及地面气象实测数据对比降雨与温度两项重要指标,采用相关与误差分析法评价水文模型输入参数,将其作为模型预测数据与实际观测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,GLDAS/Noah各项指标与GRACE更为相近,降雨与气温数据除夏冬两季存在幅值差异外,整体上周年幅值与相位都存在较高NSE系数,表明GLDAS模型的降雨及气温输入参数与地面观测数据有较高的一致性。     

基于Pushlet的实时WebGIS研究与实现

为满足政府、企业和公众等用户对GIS实时性应用的迫切需求。在分析传统WebGIS采用请求/响应工作模式不足的基础上,利用服务器推送Comet技术,基于Pushlet开源框架和MapGIS IGServer,设计了一种实时WebGIS框架,利用Pushlet订阅/发布机制,实现基于标准的HTTP协议的地理空间信息服务器端实时推送;利用数据库触发器实现更新数据的即时分发;利用富客户端Flex技术进行客户端信息展示。在气象监测预警系统中对该框架的可行性进行验证,为实时WebGIS的开发应用提供新的方法和思路。     

随机模型在沈阳地区地下水位短期预测中的应用

作者应用随机模型中多元线性回归的方法建立了沈阳地区地下水位动态变化模型。沈阳地区地下水位受气象、水文、开采等因素影响,因此建立了3种地下水位短期预测模型。即:气象型、气象开采型、气象水文开采型。为使预测模型接近于地下水位的实际变化状态,作者用有效开采量来提高模型的拟合精度。通过预测成果与实测值的拟合对比,表明用多元线性回归方法对沈阳地区地下水位进行短期预测是可行的。     

TRMM及GPM降水数据在高寒内陆河流域的准确性评估

降水数据的准确性和时空分辨率成为水文过程模拟的关键.卫星遥感降水资料的日益丰富为资料缺乏区的水文模拟带来了新的突破.本研究拟在资料缺乏、下垫面复杂,观测难、建模难的柴达木盆地高寒内陆河流域—巴音河中上游,基于近5年的TMPA 3B42、GPM IMERG V5及GPM IMERG V6逐日降水数据和气象站点观测数据建立...     

赤潮信息系统综合分析应用

对赤潮遥感信息及同步采集的赤潮优势种类的光谱数据与同步采集的生物、化学、水文、气象等相关观测数据作了分析,在VisualFoxpro集成系统环境下,研究了地物光谱数据处理算法,以及利用地物光谱数据提取赤潮优势种类等生物信息的方法,并阐述了赤潮生物优势种类识别和赤潮生物特征量分析的应用及赤潮生物的监测。     

三部门联合推进地质灾害气象预警预报

近日,广西壮族自治区国土资源厅、气象局和水文水资源局联合发出通知,要求各市国土资源局、气象和水文水资源等部门加快推进地质灾害气象预警预报体系建设,完善信息共享及应急联动机制,进一步提高地质灾害气象、水文预警预报水平。     

河南省罗村钼矿床水文地质特征及涌水量预测

通过对矿区地形地貌、气象水文、地下水类型、钻探施工、水化学类型等有关资料的分析,总结了矿床的充水因素,利用矿区涌水试验成果预测了矿坑涌水量,为未来矿山技术经济评价、生产设计提供初步依据。     

2011年洪湖和梁子湖受旱程度差异和成因分析

湿地是水陆交错的生态系统,往往受旱灾影响大,故此,对不同湖泊湿地受旱程度差异及其原因分析,可为减灾和湿地保护提供科学依据。本文利用2010年5月和2011年5月2个时相的HJ-1卫星CCD影像,提取洪湖和梁子湖2个时相的湿地水面积,结合统计资料和问卷调查数据,从湿地水面积及空间分布变化、湿地生态系统功能退化、湿地生态系统,对人类福祉影响3方面,分析了两湖湿地受旱程度的差异。并综合气象数据、统计资料和问卷调查数据,从气象因子、区域自然地理环境、湿地类型及特点、区域水文条件和湿地受保护程度5方面探讨两湖受旱程度差异的原因。结果表明：（1）2011年春旱期间,洪湖比梁子湖受旱程度更严重。旱灾时,洪湖水面积减少83.93 km2,减小比例为26%,梁子湖水面积减少13.02 km2,减小比例为4%;两湖的涵养水源、保护生物多样性、物质生产和水质净化功能均受到损害,洪湖较梁子湖更严重;受旱灾影响,洪湖湿地对人类福祉的消极影响大于梁子湖。（2）降雨量、气温和风速等气象因素、湖泊湿地成因类型、区域自然地理环境和水文条件是影响两湖受旱程度差异的主要因素,另外,湿地保护措施的差异及效果也会造成两湖受旱程度不同。     

滑坡灾害预测预报信息共享平台

 滑坡是最常见的一种地质灾害,其主要诱因是降雨。滑坡灾害多发生在雨量充沛地域或洪水季节。南京市受自然环境和地质环境的影响,滑坡是其最主要的地质灾害类型之一,为了有效地预测滑坡的发生情况并最大限度地减少滑坡灾害为南京带来的损失,本文在已有的南京市地质灾害易发区等研究的成果上,结合南京市历史滑坡数据、气象资料和地质灾害预测数学模型构建了南京市滑坡灾害预测方法并确定了南京市滑坡灾害预测预报技术流程。在该预测方法和技术流程的基础上,本文同时应用了数据库技术、ArcGIS Server技术、AJAX远程调用技术、网页局部刷新技术和地图缓存技术等,融合地理信息系统功能与滑坡灾害预测预报业务功能,开发了南京市滑坡灾害预测预报信息共享平台。该平台可以对滑坡灾害基础数据和实时气象数据动态、科学地管理,结合南京市实时降雨数据可实现滑坡灾害预测预报并将灾害信息实时在线发布,同时提供对滑坡灾害信息的查询、检索、统计分析等功能,最终通过该信息共享平台,为南京市滑坡灾害的防灾减灾提供决策支持,为其他需要建立滑坡灾害预测信息共享平台的城市提供参考。     

浅析地质勘察中水文地质相关技术问题

工程勘察中设计和施工过程中,水文地质问题始终是一个极为重要及易于被忽视的问题。由于没有足够的重视,从而导致地下水引起的各种岩土工程危害时有发生。一、相关的水文地质问题首先要弄清相关的自然地理条件。包括气象水文特征和地形地貌等内容,气象水文特征是指工程所属地域,是属于亚热带还是热带季风气候,湿润程度与热量等。地形地貌是指工程区域周围的水系、平原或高原特征、地形开阔平坦与否、地貌侵蚀和堆积情况如何等。     

MIKE BASIN支持下的流域水文建模与水资源管理分析——以西藏达孜县为例

基于ArcView GIS平台,利用流域水资源规划管理软件工具MIKE BASIN,以西藏达孜县为试验区,采用50×50m格网DEM数据,开展拉萨河流域内的地表水的产汇计算,并进行流域水资源合理配置研究。本文建立了流域供需水的空间分析网络,对各汇流区进行流域模拟分析,研究结果以直观的专题图表显示,为本区的流域水资源管理提供了可视化的研究框架。     

Mapping daily temperature and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains of northwest China

Daily meteorological data are the critical inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models. This study modified mountain microclimate simulation model （MTCLIM） with the data from 19 weather stations, and compared and validated two methods （the MTCLIM and the modified MTCLIM） in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to estimate daily temperature （i.e., maximum temperature, minimum temperature） and precipitation at six weather stations from i January 2000 to 31December 2009. The algorithm of temperature in modified MTCLIM was improved by constructing the daily linear regression relationship between temperature and elevation, aspect and location information. There are two steps to modify the MTCLIM to predict daily precipitation： firstly, the linear regression relationship was built between annual average precipitation and elevation, location, and vegetation index; secondly, the distance weight for measuring the contribution of each weather station on target point was improved by average wind direction during the rainy season. Several regression analysis and goodness-of-fit indices （i.e., Pearson＇s correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root-mean-square error and modelingefficiency） were used to validate these estimated values. The result showed that the modified MTCLIM had a better performance than the MTCLIM. Therefore, the modified MTCLIM was used to map daily meteorological data in the study area from 2000 to 2009. These results were validated using weather stations with short time data and the predicted accuracy was acceptable. The meteorological data mapped could become inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models applied in the Qilian Mountains.     

山东省曹县城区地热资源评价

通过地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔和抽水试验,结合区域水文、气象和地质等资料,对山东省曹县城区地热地质条件、热储赋存条件有了初步认识,结合CD1号探采结合地热孔,对孔隙、岩溶裂隙型含水热储层及许庄复合热储层地热资源量进行了计算,对地热水资源进行了开发利用评价。     

Quantitative estimation of hourly precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains based on area-to-point kriging downscaling and satellite-gauge data merging

Precipitation,a basic component of the water cycle,is significantly important for meteorological,climatological and hydrological research.However,accurate estim...     

Impact of Meteorological Drought on Streamflow Drought in Jinghe River Basin of China

Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environ- ment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local govern- ments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can pro- vide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standard- ized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of fre- quency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1） Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2） Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3） The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4） The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theo- retical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.     

山东省郗山稀土矿矿区西部水文地质条件分析

通过地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔和抽水试验,结合区域水文、气象和地质等资料,对矿区西部的水文地质条件有了初步认识。区内将含水岩层划分为松散岩类孔隙含水岩层和岩浆岩类裂隙含水岩层;选用“大井法”与“比拟法”相对比,以“大井法”为主对矿坑涌水量进行了预测;通过水质分析结果,认为自然条件下微山湖地表水体对矿坑充水无补给作用。     

洪水预警监测和损失评估系统的设计与应用

介绍了遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术在防洪领域的应用,提出了洪水预警监测和损失评估系统的设计原则,并根据面向对象的思想设计系统的各功能模块,实现数据管理、影像处理、空间分析和模拟输出的功能。     

Runoff change of Naoli River in Northeast China in 1955–2009 and its influencing factors

Runoff change and trend of the Naoli River Basin were studied through the time series analysis using the data from the hydrological and meteorological stations. Time series of hydrological data were from 1957 to 2009 for Bao′an station, from 1955 to 2009 for Baoqing station, from 1956 to 2009 for Caizuizi station and from 1978 to 2009 for Hongqiling station. The influences of climate change and human activities on runoff change were investigated, and the causes of hydrological regime change were revealed. The seasonal runoff distribution of the Naoli River was extremely uneven, and the annual change was great. Overall, the annual runoff showed a significant decreasing trend. The annual runoff of Bao′an, Baoqing, and Caizuizi stations in 2009 decreased by 64.1%, 76.3%, and 84.3%, respectively, compared with their beginning data recorded. The wet and dry years of the Naoli River have changed in the study period. The frequency of wet year occurrence decreased and lasted longer, whereas that of dry year occurrence increased. The frequency of dry year occurrence increased from 25.0%-27.8% to 83.9%-87.5%. The years before the 1970s were mostly wet, whereas those after the 1970s were mostly dry. Precipitation reduction and land use changes contributed to the decrease in annual runoff. Rising temperature and water project construction have also contributed important effects on the runoff change of the Naoli River.     

Regimes of Runoff Components on the Debris-covered Koxkar Glacier in Western China

By using a degree-day based distributed hydrological model, regimes of glacial runoff from the Koxkar glacier during 2007-2011 are simulated, and variations and characteristics of major hydrological components are discussed. The results show that the meltwater runoff contributes 67.4%, of the proglacial discharge, out of which snowmelt, clean ice melting, buried-ice ablation and ice-cliff backwasting account for 22.4%, 21.9%, 17.9% and 5.3% of the total melt runoff, respectively. Rainfall runoff is significant in mid-latitude glacierized mountain areas like Tianshan and Karakorum. In the Koxkar glacier catchment, about 11.5% of stream water is initiated from liquid precipitation. Spatial distributions for each glacial runoff component reveal the importance of climatic gradients, local topography and morphology on glacial runoff generation, and temporal variations of these components is closely related to the annual cycle of catchment meteorology and glacier storage. Four stages are recognized in the seasonal variations of glacier storage, reflecting changes in meltwater yields, meteorological conditions and drainage systems in the annual hydrological cycle.     

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