露天矿边坡自动监测系统的开发与应用

测量机器人(即自动电子全站仪)固然可以对露天矿边坡进行自动化(或半自动化)外部形变监测。但测量机器人设站处(监测基点)的稳定性对监测精度的影响非常大。并且当测量视线被遮挡后测量机器人将无法监测相应的形变点。为了解决上述问题,笔者及科研组将GPS技术与测量机器人技术有机结合,开发出了露天矿边坡智能可动式自动监测系统。该系统彻底解决了监测基站不稳定对监测结果的影响问题,使监测的程序得以简化、监测的固定性投资成本得以降低。文章介绍了露天矿边坡智能可动式自动监测系统的结构、工作原理,给出了监测实例。以实际监测数据为依据,提出了露天矿边坡预警的基本准则。     

Combined methodology for three-dimensional slope stability analysis coupled with time effect: a case study in Germany

High-steep slopes in open pit mines are much more likely to collapse due to mining operations. Challenges such as data acquisition, precise numerical models and adaptable methodologies have impeded more reliable results of slope stability analysis based on the current methods. Within this context, this paper proposes a combined methodology using light detection and ranging technology to capture high-resolution slope geometry, three-dimensional geological and geotechnical modeling technologies for creating high-quality numerical simulation models and finite-element slope stability analyses combined with a new automatic strength reduction technique to analyze complex geotechnical problems. At the end, the methodology introduces a time series analysis to improve the reliability of the calculated factor of safety. A case study in the deepest open pit mine in Hambach, Germany, was conducted to test and demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodology.     

Assessment of the impact of biogenic VOC emissions in a high ozone episode via integrated remote sensing and the CMAQ model

In many metropolitan regions, natural sources contribute a substantial fraction of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. These biogenic VOC emissions are precursors to tropospheric Ozone (O₃) formation. Because forests make up 59% of the land area in Taiwan Province, China, the biogenic VOC emissions from forests and farmland could play an important role in photochemical reactions. On the other hand, anthropogenic emissions might also be one of the major inputs for ground level O₃ concentrations. Hence, emission inventory data, grouped as point, area, mobile and biogenic VOC sources, are a composite of reported and estimated pollutant emission information and are used by many air quality models to simulate ground level O₃ concentrations. Before using relevant air quality models, the emission inventory data generally require huge amounts of processing for spatial, temporal, and species congruence with respect to the associated air quality modeling work. The fist part of this research applied satellite remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) analyses to characterize land use/land cover (LULC) patterns, integrating various sources of anthropogenic emissions and biogenic emissions associated with a variety of plant species. To investigate the significance of biogenic VOC emissions on ozone formation, meteorological and air quality modeling were then employed to generate hourly ozone estimates for a case study of a high ozone episode in southern Taiwan, which is the leading industrial hub on the island. To enhance the modeling accuracy, a unique software module, SMOKE, was set up for emission processing to prepare emission inputs for the U.S. EPA’s Models-3/CMAQ. An emission inventory of Taiwan, TEDS 4.2, was used as the anthropogenic emission inventory. Biogenic emission modeling was accomplished by BEIS-2 in SMOKE, with improvement of local LULC data and revised emission factors. Research findings show that the majority of biogenic VOC emissions occur in the mountainous areas and farmlands. However, the modeling outputs show that downwind of the most heavily populated and industrialized areas, these biogenic VOC emissions have less impact on air quality than do anthropogenic emissions.     

南京东部地区露采矿山遥感动态监测

以SPOT卫星数据为主要信息源,通过不同时相对比,对南京东部地区露天采矿活动进行了动态监测,详细查明了不同时间段露采矿山的空间展布特征,分析了矿山开采对景观、环境的影响,探讨其与社会经济发展、政府决策之间的内部联系。     

A Methodology for the Definition of Geotechnical Mine Sectors Based on Multivariate Cluster Analysis

This paper offers a new method for the definition of geotechnical sectors in open pit mines based on multivariate cluster analysis. A geological-geotechnical data set of a manganese open pit mine was used to demonstrate the methodology. The data set consists of a survey of geological and geotechnical parameters of the rock mass, measured directly in several points of the mine, structured initially in twenty-eight variables. After the preprocessing of the data set, the clustering technique was applied using the k-Prototype algorithm. The squared Euclidean distance was used to quantify the proximity between numerical variables, and the Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was used to quantify the proximity between the nominal variables. The different cluster results obtained were validated by the multivariate analysis of variance. The identification of cluster structures was achieved by plotting them on the mine map for spatial visualization and definition of geotechnical sectors. These sectors are spatially contiguous and relatively homogeneous regarding their geological–geotechnical properties, indicated by a high density of points of the same group. It was possible to observe a great adherence of the proposed sectors to the mine geology, demonstrating the practical representativeness of the clustering results and the proposed sectors.

     

分析系数法用于评价农业地质调查样品52个项目分析质量等级

土壤地球化学样品分析测试质量控制目前采用内部质量控制和外部质量控制相结合方法,重点从准确度、精密度、虚拟图等方面确保元素地球化学图成图质量,应用效果良好,不足之处是规范未规定统一的分析方法及评价分析质量等级的参数。分析系数是评价分析结果准确度和精密度的一个综合指标,既适用于实验室内部质量控制,又适用于实验室间质量控制,其评价方法简便易懂、量化直观,但在地矿实验室较少应用,有较好的推广应用价值。文章应用分析系数法评价河南省农业地质调查样品中4个日常监控土壤标准物质中52个项目的分析质量水平。依据多目标区域地球化学调查规范(1∶250000)相关指标计算出分析系数允许限,划分了质量评定等级并进行了实际应用。研究结果显示,4个土壤标准物质共208个分析项目中,其中138个项目达到优秀级,58个项目为良好级,12个项目为及格,总体分析质量好。对分析质量差的Se、Cr、I、Br、Th、C、Pb、Cd等8个项目,应查明原因,采取相应措施,提高这些项目分析的准确度和精密度。     

紫金山金-铜矿露天采矿场地下不明空区的地质雷达探测

采用先进的地球物理技术探明露天采矿场地下不明空区的分布情况,准确确定其平面分布范围、顶面埋深及空间高度,对保障露天采矿作业的安全进行、预防突发性事故的发生具有十分重要的意义。运用地质雷达对福建紫金山金铜矿露天采矿场地下不明空区进行探测,在两个不同探测区块共完成18条探测剖面,剖面线总长近4km;经处理后的实测地质雷达剖面具有高清晰度、高分辨率,能准确反映地下各种不同规模的不明采空区的属性、平面位置、顶板埋藏深度、空区大致高度;地质雷达探测共查明较大空区异常55个。采用50MHz天线的地质雷达系统在该露采场的有效探测深度可以达40m以上。在露天采矿场,地质雷达探测受矿区地形条件及环境影响很小,可直接在岩（矿）石表面进行,不受第四系覆盖层对雷达波衰减吸收的影响。因此,地质雷达非常适应露天采矿场地下采空区的探测及定位。     

Geotechnical applications in open pit mining

Detailed geotechnical data is often a major unknown factor in open pit design and mining, the lack of which constitutes a significant risk in any mining venture. As geotechnical data is accumulated so the risk of unforeseen conditions reduces, and so safety and productivity can be increased. Previously, most geotechnical work undertaken at open pit mines has focused on the slopes. The work done at Sandsloot open pit situated on the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, 250 km north east of Johannesburg, however, has involved using geotechnical data for production, as well as slope stability benefits. Solutions to production problems encountered in a rapidly developing open pit are best formulated once some geotechnical control at the pit has been attained. At Sandsloot open pit this was achieved by delineation of geotechnical design zones from a detailed face mapping and drilling programme. Optimum design parameters then were assigned to these zones and geotechnically related problems assessed. This allowed slope management programmes to be initiated, as well as slope optimization of the hangingwall. The latter resulted in an improved slope configuration and an increase in the ultimate angle of the wall by 7°. This resulted in substantial savings, as well as an improvement in safety. In addition, the zones can be used for planning, costing and pit scheduling. The methods have proved successful in optimizing blast fragmentation and thereby loading, crushing and milling rates; in reducing secondary blasting and improving floor conditions; and in reducing drilling, blasting and comminution costs.     

Numerical Analysis of Block Caving-Induced Instability in Large Open Pit Slopes: A Finite Element/Discrete Element Approach

This paper addresses one of the most challenging problems in mining rock engineering—the interaction between block cave mining and a large overlying open pit. The finite element modeling/discrete element modeling (FEM/DEM) approach was utilized in the analysis of block caving-induced step-path failure development in a large open pit slope. The analysis indicated that there is a threshold percentage of critical intact rock bridges along a step-path failure plane that may ensure the stability of an open pit throughout caving operations. Transition from open pit to underground mining at Palabora mine presents an important example of a pit wall instability triggered by caving. Using combined FEM/DEM-DFN (discrete fracture network) modeling, it was possible to investigate the formation of a basal failure surface within an open pit slope as a direct result of cave mining. The modeling of Palabora highlighted the importance of rock mass tensile strength and its influence on caving-induced slope response.     

Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from open-cut coal mining: application to the Sydney Basin

A new site-specific (Tier 3) method has been developed to determine greenhouse gas emissions from open coal mining. The Tier 3 method presented here is based on extensive measurement of gas emissions from open-cut coal mines and the physics of gas desorption from coal. It was adopted by Australian National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting in 2009 and since 2012 formed the scientific basis for the Australian Government guidelines on calculating greenhouse gas emissions from open cut mines. The main strength of this method is its site-specific nature and accuracy, as well as its ability to be integrated with routine coal exploration programs. New concepts were produced for the model: a coal mine is regarded as a ‘gas reservoir,’ with coal seam gas being emitted from a ‘gas release zone’ that consists of sedimentary geological units (emission layers) above and below the base of the mine. The primary data required for the method are the in situ gas content and gas composition of the coal and carbonaceous rocks contained within the gas-release zone. These data are obtained through direct measurement of gas desorption from bore cores. To reduce gas drilling, a mine lease is compartmentalised into ‘gas zones’ of similar gas content and reservoir properties. The outputs of the method are emission density (the potential volume of gas emitted from mining site per unit area of the ground surface) and emission factor (the gas volume emitted per tonne of raw coal extracted). Owing to spatial variability and errors of measurement, the estimate of emissions is associated with uncertainty. A simple method of calculating uncertainty of emissions is presented in this work.     

复合采动影响下边坡岩体变形机制的数值分析

在各类矿产资源的开采过程中,有许多矿区属地下与露天复合开采情况。依据采区的空间对应关系,两种采动影响域中的一部分相互重叠,致使其采动效应相互作用和相互叠加,从而组成一个复合动态系统,因此,边坡岩体变形机理更加复杂,与单一露天开采相比有较大的差异。然而,过去在处理此类问题时近似地按单一露天采动影响下的分析方法,结果与实际情况有一定差异。     

采用支持向量回归从测井曲线定量计算油页岩含油率

获取油页岩含油率是油页岩资源评价的重要步骤,传统从测井曲线计算油页岩含油率多采用回归模型,但存在误差大或过拟合的局限性和弱点.本文尝试结合大数据概念的数据挖掘算法和测井应用知识进行油页岩含油率定量计算,提高含油率计算的精度以及模型的泛化性.利用改进的ΔlogR技术获得DT_s、DEN_s、GR_s作为解释变量.采用数据挖掘算法——支持向量回归进行定量计算油页岩含油率能够大幅提高泛化性和精度,获得模型训练样本R²得分为0.82,测试样本R²得分可达0.70,拟合精度较高.支持向量回归模型比传统回归模型泛化能力更强,能够避免过拟合问题,具有广泛的应用性.     

大面积采动矿区水环境灾害特征及防治措施

矿山采动前后,相应伴生水系调整和水体污染,产生水环境灾害。以阜新新邱矿区为研究对象,在对环境地质情况调查分析基础上,主要从水资源流失、废旧地下采场和露天矿坑积水、矿区地表和地下水质污染等方面探讨了矿区水环境灾害的形成及特征。大面积的开采,造成矿区水资源流失严重,矿山停采后,地下水位逐渐恢复;废旧地下采场和露天矿坑形成的积水,在入渗过程中,通过运移累积、吸附转化、溶解解析和离子交换等水岩作用对地下水产生污染;矿区矿井抽排水和河流水质污染物不同程度超标。针对矿山水环境灾害,建议采用矿山地质环境治理、修建防排水及净水设施、水环境监测等手段进行防治,以使矿区环境得到根本改善。     

Effect of Underground Mine Blast Vibrations on Overlaying Open Pit Slopes: A Case Study for Daye Iron Mine in China

Investigating the propagation and attenuation of blast vibration in rock slopes is the key point to assess the influence of underground mine blasting on overlaying open pit slopes stability and determining the potential risk. In this paper, Daye Iron Mine in China has been chosen as the case to study the effect of blast vibrations on overlaying open pit slopes due to underground mine blast. Firstly, the characteristics of blast loadings are analyzed by the dynamic finite element method. Then, a three dimensional (3D) numerical model of the open pit and the underground mine is made, which is verified by the field monitoring data to prove its reliability. The effect of blast vibration on overlaying open pit slope due to underground mine blasting are discussed based on the peak particle velocity (PPV) and the peak effective tensile stress (PETS) distribution characteristics which are calculated and analyzed by inputting the obtained blast vibration data into the numerical model. The results show that the effect of present mining blasting on the stability of pit slopes are limited because the simulated maximum PPV and PETS of monitoring point on slopes are all < 0.747 cm/s and 0.738 MPa. At last, according to numerical simulations of the underground mine blasting, the PPV predicting formulas for the slopes in Daye Open Pit Iron Mine is proposed based on the classic Sadaovsk formula.     

A case study in surface mining simulation with special reference to the problem of model evaluation

Summary This paper discusses the framework for modelling and analysing the materials handling aspects of a conventional contour mine as related to the smaller to medium-size coal mining companies. Special emphasis is placed on model evaluation. The methodology employed consists of: (a) using the surface geometry of the area to be stripped for developing the equations that are used for analysing the critical factors affecting pit layout, (b) effecting engineering and graphical layout of the mine, (c) collecting — through time studies — and analysing equipment characteristic data, (d) constructing the model, and (e) evaluating the model. The results show that the graphical approach for model construction and evaluation is fast, accurate, and reliable.     

高海拔多年冻土区露采矿山边坡水冰环境特征分析

为了掌握高海拔多年冻土区露天煤矿边坡形成后的水分变化规律,明晰其对边坡稳定性的影响特征,依托青海木里聚乎更矿区露天煤矿矿坑开挖过程,运用调查和监测的方法分析了采场边坡的水冰环境。调查分析结果表明,矿区内分布着连续的厚度不等的多年冻土（岩）层,矿坑开挖切割不同岩性的冻结地层而形成多种类型的边坡,由于边坡地层岩性和结构的差异而使岩体含冰特征体现出较大不同。原始冻结岩土体因开挖形成边坡而使其温度与水分环境发生了显著变化,边坡表面地层由温度和水分稳定态转化为温度与水分敏感态,即逐渐由多年冻土（岩）层转化为季节冻土（岩）层,在水分和温度的双重因素作用下,边坡岩体的水冰环境在不断地发生着复杂的变化。通过地层温度和水冰环境的调查与分类概化,可为研究岩体的真实冻融劣化规律及边坡稳定性演化规律提供科学基础。      

国内外典型工程滑坡灾害比较

在搜集和梳理全球一个多世纪以来灾难性工程滑坡实例的基础上,将人类工程活动诱发的滑坡分为4种基本类型和若干亚类：①采矿工程滑坡（包括地下采空型、露天采场型、尾矿坝及排土场型）;②水利水电工程滑坡（包括库区岸坡型、水库大坝型、灌溉工程型）;③线性基础设施工程滑坡（包括公路及铁路工程型、油气管道工程型）;（鸯城市建设复合型工程滑坡。重点剖析了国内外著名的工程滑坡灾害案例,并兼顾一般工程滑坡的共性特征进行分析,综述了各类典型工程滑坡灾害的发育特征、形成机制及部分处置措施。通过不同类型工程滑坡特征的比较分析,总结了工程滑坡成灾的教训和成功处置的经验,为未来工程项目区和城市化过程中工程滑坡的综合防治及风险减缓提供了参考。     

Forecasting hourly particulate matter concentrations based on the advanced multivariate methods

In this study, several multivariate methods were used for forecasting hourly PM₁₀ concentrations at four locations based on SO₂ and meteorological data from the previous period. According to the results, boosted decision trees and multi-layer perceptrons yielded the best predictions. The forecasting performances were similar for all examined locations, despite the additional PM₁₀ spatio-temporal analysis showed that the sites were affected by different emission sources, topographic and microclimatic conditions. The best prediction of PM₁₀ concentrations was obtained for industrial sites, probably due to the simplicity and regularity of dominant pollutant emissions on a daily basis. Conversely, somewhat weaker forecast accuracy was achieved at urban canyon avenue, which can be attributed to the specific urban morphology and most diverse emission sources. In conclusion to this, the integration of advanced multivariate methods in air quality forecasting systems could enhance accuracy and provide the basis for efficient decision-making in environmental regulatory management.     

矿业权核查工作流程与实现——以辽宁省铁岭县矿业权核查工作为例

矿业权实地核查工作流程主要包括前期准备工作、控制测量、矿权坐标转换、矿区控制加密与工程测量、问题分析-报告与处理、露天采矿权界桩测设、内业数据整理、提交成果等8个环节.其中控制测量、矿权坐标转换、矿区控制加密与工程测量是矿业权核查工作过程中的关键环节.     

井工开采对露天矿高边坡稳定性影响的研究

以山西平朔安太堡矿露井联合开采为例,通过数值模拟及现场位移监测资料对比分析,探讨了露天矿高边坡在顺坡、逆坡及侧向切坡开采3种情况下的复合应力场和位移场的分布特征及规律。研究表明,边坡内井工开采不利于边坡稳定性,但由于工作面推进方向不同,边坡受采动影响部位的顺序不同,因而对边坡稳定性的影响存在一定的差异。逆坡开采时,随着工作面向坡内推进,边坡前、后期表现出两种完全不同类型的变形位移,前期以倾倒型崩塌破坏为主,后期稳定性有所增强;顺坡开采时,边坡保安煤柱宽度不断减小,在侧向偏压作用下,边坡将产生沿软弱结构面的推动式剪切滑动;边坡下切坡开采时,边坡除发生沿软弱结构面的推动式剪切滑动外,还可能发生后缘沿采空裂隙、下部沿软弱层面的张拉滑动变形。