The taloveis gold deposit in the precambrian Kostomuksha greenstone belt,Karelia

The Kostomuksha greenstone belt is the main iron district of Karelia. Gold, diamonds, and molybdenum mineralization have been found in this belt over the last two decades. The gold occurrences and deposits pertaining to the gold-sulfide and gold-quartz types were formed at the orogenic stage. The Taloveis deposit and the Faktorny and Berendei ore occurrences are located in the South Kostomuksha area and related to a complex of porphyritic diorite and granite porphyry. The West Ruvinvaara, Niemijarvi, Eastern, and Kurgelampi gold-sulfide and gold-sulfide-quartz occurrences are controlled by metasomatized shear zones and recrystallized sulfide ore hosted in the Shurlovaara and Ruvinvaara formations in the contact aureole of granite of the framework of the greenstone belt near its margin. The gold-arsenopyrite mineralization of the South Kostomuksha open pit is related to shear and metasomatic zones at the contact between the Kostomuksha Formation and helleflinta. Significant concentrations of gold are related to the complex of diorite and granite porphyry and the shear and metasomatic zones formed at the collision stage after emplacement of potassium granite. The small Taloveis deposit is located in the southern portion of the Kostomuksha greenstone belt and related to an intrusion of diorite and granite porphyry dated at 2720 Ma. The gold-sulfide mineral type in beresitized granite is combined with the gold-quartz type in shear zones trending at an azimuth of 20 NNE and coinciding in orientation with shear zones in the Kostomuksha belt. The Au grade varies from 0.5 to 60 g/t.     

Indicator minerals of diamond in the lamproitic diatreme, Kostomuksha region, Karelia

The mineralogy of a new lamproitic diatreme 200–250 m in diameter and 3 ga in area is studied in detail. The chemical and 3-D mineralogical analysis identify the diatreme rocks as strongly altered olivine lamproites with a large volume (50–60%) of xenoliths of strongly altered spinel (garnet) lherzolites and harzburgites-dunites. Numerous grains-xenocrysts of indicator minerals of diamond have been extracted from the heavy concentrates (the weight of the initial product is 742 g and the size is 100–500 μm) as a result of hydroseparation: (1) subcalcium (CaO_av. 2.6 wt %) high-Cr (Cr₂O_{3 av.} 5.3 wt %) pyrope (50 grains); (2) chrome diopside (7 and 8 mol % of kosmochlor and jadeite components, respectively, >40 grains); (3) high-Cr chromite (Cr₂O₃ > 62 wt %); and (4) picroilmenite (MgO 12–13.8 wt %) and Cr-rutile (Cr₂O₃ 1.1 wt %). Xenocrysts prove the mantle endogene (the level of garnet lherzolites) source of the magmatic center of lamproites and forecast the diamond potential of the new diatreme in the Kostomuksha ore district.     

Petrology of Precambrian metaultramafites of the Gridino high-pressure complex (Karelia)

Along with eclogitized gabbro and gabbronorite bodies, boudinaged metaultramafites such as garnet-pyroxene rocks and orthopyroxenites were revealed in the Archean plagiogneiss strata of the Gridino complex. The garnet-pyroxene rock crope out as a boudin on Vysokii Island. The early stage of the rock evolution is documented by inclusions of diabantite (Fe-Si chlorite), a mineral that occurs in metasomatized peridotites. Diabantite was found in all rock-forming minerals in paragenesis with mineral phases enriched in REE (Ce, Nd, La, etc.), U, and Th. The confinement of ore phases to the inclusion rims and the development of two systems of cracks, radial and concentric, around the inclusions in pyroxenes point to the transformation of the inclusions after their trapping. Thermobarometric studies of the crystal cores revealed that the anhydrous paragenesis garnet + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene, which replaced the chlorite-bearing rock, formed at ~690 ºC and ~17 kbar. The rims of the rock-forming minerals reflect isothermal decompression to ~12 kbar, which was followed by decompression cooling to ~650 ºC and ~9 kbar with the formation of regressive amphibole-garnet-pyroxene paragenesis. The giant-grained orthopyroxenites compose chains of boudinaged bodies on Izbnaya Luda Island. The orthopyroxene crystals host abundant amphibole, quartz, biotite, and pyrite inclusions pointing to amphibolite metamorphism at the early stage of the rock evolution. There are two types of amphibole: magnesian hornblende and anthophyllite. The hornblende is a primary mineral, whereas the low-temperature anthophyllite forming rims around the quartz inclusions was produced at the regressive stage of metamorphism. There are no indicators of the PT-conditions of the peak metamorphism in the orthopyroxenite. The reaction enstatite + quartz + H₂O = anthophyllite allows deciphering water activity of anthophyllite formation, a ≤ 0.5.     

南天山东段金矿化分带特点及远景预测

南天山东段处在我国重要的多金属成矿带－－天山褶皱带上，具有重要的金成矿潜力。本在东天山区域地质、地质历史演化、地球化学等方面的分析研究基础上，对南天山东段金矿化进行分带，总结了金矿化特点和分布规律，提出寻找金矿的主要类型为韧性剪切带型、碎裂蚀变岩型、元古代岩浆（变质）热液型，并指出了找矿的有利靶区。     

Petrology of the Early Paleoproterozoic Burakovsky complex,southern Karelia

The Early Paleoproterozoic Burakovsky complex contains Europe’s largest layered mafic-ultramafic pluton and giant Avdeevo gabbronorite dike. The pluton consists of two independent bodies of different age (the Aganozero and Shalozero-Burakovsky bodies), each having its own internal structure and contacting each other in their apical parts. Both bodies have a similar rock sequence including five differentiated zones (from bottom upward, based on the predominant cumulus assemblages): ultrabasic, pyroxenite, gabbronorite, pigeonite gabbronorite, and magnetite gabbronorite-diorite. Being generally similar to each other owing to a common differentiation trend of similar melts, these bodies differ notably in the character of their cumulus stratigraphy and, to a lesser extent, in mineral and geochemical composition. The pluton is distinguished by the presence of marker horizons—singular interlayers of high-temperature mafic cumulates emplaced in the sequence of lower-temperature gabbroid. Their origin is believed to have been associated with the influxes of fresh magma portions into the crystallizing magma chambers. Based on petrological, geochemical, and mineralogical data, the Aganozero and Shalozero-Burakovsky bodies, as well as additional intrusive phases, were derived from the compositionally similar but not identical melts of siliceous high-Mg (boninite like) series. The Avdeevo dike (2436 ± 46 Ma at ?_Nd(T) = ?1.5) extends along the southeastern contact of the Shalozero-Burakovsky body and was formed almost simultaneously with it. The dike is made up of pigeonite gabbronorites, which are almost identical to the rocks of the Pigeonite gabbronorite zone of the Burakovsky pluton in geochemistry and mineral composition. It was concluded that the Burakovsky Complex was a long-lived igneous center, whose origin was related to the activity of an Early Paleoproterozoic mantle superplume.     

Signature of Precambrian extension events in the southern Siberian craton

We investigate extension events in the southern Siberian craton between 1.8 and 0.7 Ga. Signature of Late Paleoproterozoic within-plate extension in the Northern Baikal region is found in 167 4± 29 Ma dike swarms. A Mesoproterozoic extension event was associated with intrusion of the 1535 ± 14 Ma Chernaya Zima granitoids into the Urik-Iya graben deposits. Neoproterozoic extension recorded in the Sayan-Baikal dike belt (740-780 Ma dike complexes) was concurrent with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent and the initiation of the Paleoasian passive margin along the southern edge of the Siberian craton. The scale of rifting-related magmatism and the features of the coeval sedimentary complexes in the southern Siberian craton indicate that Late Paleoproterozoic and Early Mesoproterozoic extension did not cause ocean opening, and the Paleoasian Ocean opened as a result of Neoproterozoic rifting.     

The Mineralogy of gold and its relevance to gold recoveries

Processing of most gold ores, other than placers, involves conventional gravity separation and direct cyanidation. The difficult (or refractory) gold ores are not amenable to direct cyanidation and these ores require detailed mineralogical investigations to assist in determining the recovery processes. There are six mineralogical factors that can contribute to poorer recoveries. These are 1. the nature of the gold-containing minerals, 2. the grain size of the gold minerals, 3. the nature of the gangue minerals, 4. the associated sulfide minerals, 5. coatings on gold, and 6. chemically bound or invisible gold.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution Number 13089     

Geochronology of Precambrian rocks in the Laramie Range and implications for the tectonic framework of Precambrian southern Wyoming

From Casper Mountain; at its northern end, to the northwestern margin of the Laramie anorthosite—syenite complex, in its central parts, the Laramie Range is underlain by granite and granitic gneiss that has a minimum age of 2.54 ± 0.04 Ga (Rb/Sr whole-rock isochron) and by metasedimentary rocks, including marble and quartzite, that appear to overlie the granitic gneiss nonconformably (minimum age: 1.7 Ga based on several horn-blende K/Ar dates). Southward from the anorthosite—syenite complex into Colorado, the Range is underlain chiefly by the Sherman Granite (1.41 Ga; Peterman and Hedge, 1968) and scattered patches of gneiss that are not dated, but are tentatively correlated wit similar gneiss in the southern Medicine Bow Mountains and in the Colorado Front Range, where they are dated as ? 1.7 Ga (Peterman and Hedge, 1968).The Laramie anorthosite—syenite complex (minimum age: ? 1.42 Ga or ? 1.51 Ga if a hornblende K/Ar date is accepted) apparently intruded the suture separating the old (? 2.5 Ga) continental edge from younger (? 1.7 Ga) geosynclinal rocks. The suture, which manifests itself as the Mullen Creek—Nash Fork shear zone in the Medicine Bow Mountains, also is the boundary between ensialic and ensimatic geosynclinal deposition that occurred during the interval 1.7–2.5 Ga ago.K/Ar dates on biotite and muscovite from rocks north of the anorthosite—syenite complex grade from 2.5 Ga on Casper Mountain down to 1.38 Ga near the complex. Near its northern tip, the Laramie Range is crossed by a geochronologic front, separating 2.5 Ga old gneiss whose K/Ar dates were not lowered by subsequent metamorphism from 2.5 Ga old gneiss whose mica dates were reset between 1.4 and 1.6 Ga ago.     

西藏南部聂拉木地区前寒武纪结晶基底的组成及其特征

在对肉切村岩群的岩石组合、变质特点以及区域综合对比研究基础上,根据其中锆石U-Pb法年龄值686 Ma、黑云母斜长变粒岩全岩Rb-Sr法年龄值796±103 Ma,认为其原岩形成于新元古代,时代属震旦纪;前人划分的震旦—寒武系肉切村群,实际上是前寒武纪变质岩地层,聂拉木地区并未出露寒武纪地层。将前寒武纪地层划分为聂拉木岩群和肉切村岩群,并将聂拉木岩群划分为友谊桥岩组、曲乡岩组、康山桥混合岩和江东岩组4个构造岩石地层单元,将肉切村岩群划分为扎西宗混合岩和塔吉岭岩组两个构造岩石地层单元。     

Mineralogy and microstructures of carbonaceous gold ores

Summary This paper describes mineralogical and geological aspects of the Owl Creek and Hoyle Pond gold mines, located in Archean metasediments and metavolcanics in the Abitibi greenstone belt in northern Ontario, Canada. The occurrence of invisible gold of Cenozoic age, hosted in structurally-controlled settings in Paleozoic strata of the southwestern U.S.A., has been known and exploited for over thirty years. Petrographic observations are combined with electron microprobe data in order to describe aspects of gold mineralization from these Ontario mines and from selected analogous sites elsewhere. Details of selected exposures of Archean-Proterozoic lithologies, which are carbonaceous but not strongly enriched in gold, are briefly compared with features of the mine geology. Although no mine generates carbonaceous ores alone, the proportion of such ores varies widely from mine to mine, and district to district. Questions remain, particularly with regard to the chemical behaviour of the reduced carbon, but two common factors of prime economic relevance are established. These are the importance of (a) fluid focusing through incompetent carbonaceous units, and (b) localization of high (commonly visible) gold values on vein-wallrock contacts.

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La Minéralogie et micro-structures des minerais carbonifères d'or

Résumé Ce compte rendu s'intéresse au gîtes carbonifères d'or, spécialement dans la ceinture de roches vertes de l'Abitibi au nord de l'Ontario, au Canada. Des observations pétrographiques sont combinées avec des analyses de microsonde électronique afin de décrire quelques aspects de la minéralogie et de la géologie des mines d'or; en particulier Owl Creek et Hoyle Pond, et aussi des emplacements dont la concentration en or est trop faible pour être exploité. Trois générations de pyrite sont observée à Owl Creek, la troisième contenant de l'or. Souvent l'or est situé entre la veine de quartz et l'encaissante carbonifère, fréquemment avec de l'hydromicas sodiques, de la chlorite ferrifère et de la tourmaline. Cette association dont l'importance économique est substantielle, est produite par la concentration de fluides hydrothermales à travers des rocs carbonifères friables.

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With 6 Figures

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Contribution to the Ore Mineralogy Symposium (IMA/COM)at the 14th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association, at Stanford, California, in July, 1986.     

江西茅排金矿矿物学找矿标志

黄铁矿和石英是主要的载金矿物。黄铁矿形态标型、成分标型、热电性标型和石英红外光谱标型特征具有指导找矿意义。江西茅排金矿区270m中段47勘探线及37～33勘探线的矿物标型特征为：黄铁矿形态见有八面体和五角十二面体，五角十二面体和八面体等聚形；出现空穴心型导电和混合型导电黄铁矿，若为电子心型导电黄铁矿，其热电动势和热电系数的绝对值相对较大；黄铁矿成分中检测出Cu；石英相对吸光度（37～33勘探线）DH2O 0.940 3, DCO2 0.1961, DCO2/DH2O0.259 1,略低于矿区研究样品的平均值（DH2O1.3267,DCO20.3090,DCO2/DH2O0.3382）.表明该处应位于矿体的中上部，矿体向下有一定的延伸。     

Precambrian mafic magmatism in the Western Dharwar Craton,southern India

Mafic rocks of Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) belong to two greenstone cycles of Sargur Group (3.1–3.3 Ga) and Dharwar Supergroup (2.6–2.8 Ga), belonging to different depositional environments. Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms (2.4, 2.0–2.2 and 1.6 Ga) constitute the third important cycle. Mafic rocks of Sargur Group mainly constitute a komatiitic-tholeiite suite, closely associated with layered basic-ultrabasic complexes. They form linear ultramaficmafic belts, and scattered enclaves associated with orthoquartzite-carbonate-pelite-BIF suite. Since the country rocks of Peninsular Gneiss intrude these rocks and dismember them, stratigraphy of Sargur Group is largely conceptual and its tectonic environment speculative. It is believed that the Sargur tholeiites are not fractionated from komatiites, but might have been generated and evolved from a similar mantle source at shallower depths. The layered basic-ultrabasic complexes are believed to be products of fractionation from tholeiitic parent magma. The Dharwar mafic rocks are essentially a bimodal basalt-rhyolite association that is dominated by Fe-rich and normal tholeiites. Calc-alkaline basalts and andesites are nearly absent, but reference to their presence in literature pertains mainly to carbonated, spilitized and altered tholeiitic suites. Geochemical discrimination diagrams of Dharwar lavas favour island arc settings that include fore-, intra- and back-arcs. The Dharwar mafic rocks are possibly derived by partial melting of a lherzolite mantle source and involved in fractionation of olivine and pyroxene followed by plagioclase. Distinctive differences in the petrography and geochemistry of mafic rocks across regional unconformities between Sargur Group and Dharwar Supergroup provide clinching evidences in favour of distinguishing two greenstone cycles in the craton. This has also negated the earlier preliminary attempts to lump together all mafic volcanics into a single contemporaneous suite, leading to erroneous interpretations. After giving allowances for differences in depositional and tectonic settings, the chemical distinction between Sargur and Dharwar mafic suites throws light on secular variations and crustal evolution. Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms of three major periods (2.4, 2.0–2.2 and 1.6 Ga) occur around Tiptur and Hunsur. The dykes also conform to the regional metamorphic gradient, with greenschist facies in the north and granulite facies in the south, resulting from the tilt of the craton towards north, exposing progressively deeper crustal levels towards the south. The low-grade terrain in the north does not have recognizable swarms, but the Tiptur swarm consists essentially of amphibolites and Hunsur swarm mainly of basic granulites, all of them preserving cross-cutting relations with host rocks, chilled margins and relict igneous textures. There are also younger dolerite dykes scattered throughout the craton that are unaffected by this metamorphic zonation. Large-scale geochemical, geochronological and palaeomagnetic data acquisition through state-of-the-art instrumentation is urgently needed in the Dharwar craton to catch up with contemporary advancements in the classical greenstone terrains of the world.     

湖南产于前寒武系中金矿床毒砂的标型特征

湖南产于前寒武系中的金矿床尤其是砷金矿床 ,毒砂分布甚广 ,毒砂中 Au含量一般 12 0×10 -6～ 2 50× 10 -6,金的分布率达 64.3%～ 93.1% ,是金的主要载体矿物。毒砂的形成有早、晚两期 ,化学成分为 S富 As亏型 ,并以富含微量元素 Sb、 ( Se)、 Ni、 Co而贫 Mn以及晶胞参数 a0 值增大等为标型特征。绝大部分含 Au毒砂的光片没有显微金存在 ,即使利用电子探针也难以发现金。由此产生了毒砂中的金以超微细颗粒存在或以晶格金形式存在的分歧。经有关金矿床多项实验研究结果 ,初步认为毒砂中的“不可见金”大多数是以纳米级微细粒状存在。     

Tectonic aspects of Precambrian metallogeny of gold and uranium

A cause-and-effect relation is established between historical metallogeny of gold and uranium and extraterrestrial factors (impact events, evolution of the distance between Earth and Moon, rotation geodynamics), which significantly affected the Early Precambrian tectonic evolution of our planet. It is shown by the example of the complex Witwatersrand deposit that the Precambrian polygenetic Au and U deposits of the quartz–pebble type were formed within a near-equatorial epi-Archean supercontinent and were related to extraterrestrial factors under a rotation regime of the plume vertical tectonics. The beginning of breakup of the epi-Archean supercontinent in the Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic (2.0 ± 0.3 Ga) was related to the abrupt decrease in the velocity of the Earth’s axial rotation followed by the dominant regime of subhorizontal plate tectonics and formation of rich U deposits of the nonconformity type (which are structurally related to the horizontal inertial detachments at the contacts of the consolidated crust) and Meso- and Neoproterozoic sedimentary complexes.     

基于GIS技术的黔西南地区金矿找矿远景预测

文章以黔西南的金矿为研究对象,利用MORPAS软件中的证据权重法进行多源信息找矿远景预测。对多源地学数据(包括地层、断裂、褶皱、已知金矿床(点)、Au元素异常、遥感解译线环构造等)进行属性标准化,建立多源地学空间数据库;通过多源地学数据的找矿有利度分析,确定找矿远景预测因子;根据证据权重值计算的后验概率值作等值线异常图,圈定出4个Ⅰ类远景区、3个Ⅱ类远景区和7个Ⅲ类远景区;后验概率异常图中涵盖了全区91%以上的金矿床(点),具有较高的可信度。     

Early Precambrian stratigraphy of central and southern Rajasthan,India

Structural, stratigraphic and petrologic studies between Amet and Sembal in the Udaipur district of southcentral Rajasthan indicate that all the rocks belonging to the Banded Gneissic Complex, the Aravalli Group and the Raialo Formation have been involved in isoclinal folding on a westerly trend, co-axial refolding, and upright folding on a north to north-northeast trend. There is neither an unconformity nor an overlap between the Aravallis and the Raialos. The conglomerates supposed to mark the erosional unconformity above the Banded Gneissic Complex near Rajnagar is a tectonic mélange of folded and torn quartz veins in mica schist within the Aravalli Group. The Aravalli—Raialo metasediments have been migmatized synkinematically with the first folding to give rise to the Banded Gneissic Complex; the gneissic complex does not have any separate stratigraphic entity. By contrast, there is an undoubted erosional unconformity between the type Aravalli rocks and the underlying Sarara granite to the south. These relations, coupled with the continuity of the Aravalli rocks of Udaipur northward to the metasedimentary rocks of the Sembal—Amet area along the strike, and a comparable structural history, point to granitic rocks of at least two generations in the Early Precambrian of central and southern Rajasthan. Preliminary radiometric dating of rocks of known stratigraphic—structural relationship seems to confirm the presence of granitic rocks of two ages in the Early Precambrian, and of a considerable interval between the deposition of the Aravalli—Raialo rocks and the Delhi rocks. The Udaipur granite, post-dating the first deformation but preceding the upright folding on the northerly trend, provides evidence for granitic activity of a third phase before the deposition of rocks of the Delhi Group.     

Upper Precambrian sandstones in the Volga-Ural region: Mineralogy, petrography, lithogeochemistry, and formation conditions

The paper presents data on the mineralogy, petrography, and lithogeochemistry of Riphean and Vendian sandstones in the Volga-Ural region. The studied rocks generally differ in several parameters. The Zr/Sc and Th/Sc values typical of psammites suggest that the rocks are dominated by the petrogenic clastic material. This conclusion is supported by median K₂O/Al₂O₃ values (from 0.39 to 0.45). The fine-grained clastic rocks associated with sandstones are also characterized by sufficiently high K₂O/Al₂O₃ values, indicating the prevalence of the first cycle material therein. It is shown that the Prikamsk and Tukaevo sandstones include, in addition to the petrogenic quartz, a significant amount of lithogenic (multifold redeposited) quartz, whereas ratio of these rock types is approximately equal in the Leonidovo and Baikibashevo sandstones. Sandstones of the Kairovo and Shkapovo groups are dominated by the petrogenic quartz. Analysis of the ln(Q/L + CE)-ln(Q/F) diagram shows that the Vendian psammites are dominated by disintegration products of plutonic rocks, whereas the Riphean psammites contain a significant portion of clastic material (related to the erosion of metamorphic rocks) along with felsic and intermediate-felsic igneous rocks. Relationships of feldspars, rock clasts, polycrystalline quartz, and quartz, in general, reflected in the Q_t/(F + R)-Q_p/(F + R) diagram indicate that the Riphean psammites were deposited in a humid setting; the Vendian psammites, in a semihumid/semiarid setting.     

华北克拉通南部早前寒武纪基底形成与演化

简要总结了华北克拉通南部鲁山地区、小秦岭地区、登封及中条山地区的早前寒武纪地质事件序列及其地质意义,并对各地区地质特征和变质演化特点进行对比。结合前人研究工作,初步探讨了华北克拉通南部早前寒武纪基底的演化特点、陆壳形成的主要时期和华北南部基底的构造区划等问题,提出几点认识:1)华北克拉通南部鲁山、中条山、小秦岭等地区均有2.7~2.9Ga岩石记录,以英云闪长质-奥长花岗质-花岗闪长质(TTG)岩石为主,它们共同构成华北南缘的古老结晶基底,并经历了新太古代晚期~2.5Ga构造-热事件,标志着华北克拉通南部在新太古代末期可能已经形成统一基底;2)华北克拉通南部主要的陆壳形成时期为中太古代晚期-新太古代,与全球其他主要克拉通一致,而古元古代早-中期则以地壳再循环为主;3)综合地质、地球化学等特点,将华北南部鲁山-小秦岭地区和中条山等地区划归为"南部古陆块",并提出该陆块呈现为一个大型的倾伏向斜构造,可能在新太古代晚期已经形成,其枢纽向南东倾斜。"南部古陆块"在新太古代末期与其它微陆块拼合,并发生了变质作用和陆壳的活化与再循环,共同指示新太古代晚期华北克拉通统一基底的形成。     

Mineralogy of poorly crystalline aluminium phases in the B horizon of Podzols in southern Sweden

Poorly crystalline Al components of the clay fraction are often neglected in soil mineralogical studies. In this study 7 B horizons from podzolised soils in Sweden were analysed using a combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selective extractions. It was found that most Bhs and Bs horizons contained allophane, imogolite and more or less hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. Some Bhs and Bs horizons also contained small amounts of kaolinite and/or gibbsite. In one acid Bh horizon organically complexed Al was the only reactive Al fraction of importance. The vertical patterns of vermiculite and allophane/imogolite suggested that both had formed during the podzolisation process, but due to different mechanisms. The pattern of kaolinite and gibbsite occurrences indicated that these minerals were mostly inherited from the parent material. Oxalate and pyrophosphate extractions suggested that allophane and imogolite constituted the most important reactive inorganic Al fraction in the soils. This shows that allophane and imogolite seem to be the typical, rather than the occasional, reactive inorganic Al phases that form in the B horizon as a result of podzolisation.