Short Term Effects of Aldrin and Swascofix CD-38 on the Feeding and Respiratory Behaviours of Clarias batrachus and Cirrhina mrigala

Fish were kept in non-toxic water or at 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 of the LC_50,96h of the ten-side or insecticide for 24 h and fed with toxified and non-toxified feed. Toxified feed in normal water resulted in a maximum feed intake, while normal feed in toxified water resulted in a minimum one. In each case, the feed intake was lower compared with the control, and the feed intake was inversely proportional to the toxicant concentration. In a simple respirometer the oxygen consumption in mg · kg^?1 · h^?1 was tested for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h of exposure to 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 of the LC_50,96h of both substances. It was a flow device which was closed only for measurement for one hour. 1.5 LC₅₀ Aldrin causes a continuous reduction of respiration until death. The same effect occurred with Cl. batrachus for 1.5 LC₅₀ of the tenside, whereas with C. mrigala death was caused by a pronounced increase of respiration. In all other cases, after a phase of sensitization for 4 … 8 h respiration increased considerably to more than 300% of the control, which was followed after 12 … 24 h by acclimatization to normal respiration values.     

Acute Toxicity of Distillery Effluent on a Freshwater Fish and Three Pond Snails

The LC₅₀ for 12… 96 h of a distillery waste water were determined for Lebistes reticulatus, Lymnaea luteola, Lymnaea acuminata and Viviparus bengalensis in the batch experiment with daily exchange of the medium. The sensitivity of the species increases in the given sequence with values of the LC_{50,96 h} of 10.77 to 3.72 % proportion of wastewater in the medium. Compared with this, with values of the LC_{50,48 h} of 14.06… 15.71 % after 48 h of exposure there is no significant difference in sensitivity, whereas after exposure for 12 and 24 h the sensitivity grows in the following order: V. bengalensis, L. acuminata, L. luteola, Lebistes reticulatus. Toxicity is obviously primarily determined by the sulphides; with increasing time of exposure also the suspended matter and other factors act toxically.     

“Man and the Biosphere”-Studies on Sikkim Himalayas. Part 1: Acute Toxicity of Copper and Zinc to Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) in Soft Water

In the daily exchange of the medium with only 7.1 mg/l Ca²⁺ and 0.7 mg/l Mg²⁺ during the batch experiment the LC_50,96h for Cyprinus carpio is 0.063 mg/l Cu²⁺ and 3.12 mg/l Zn²⁺ at water temperatures of 11 to 14°C. Significant differences in mortality as referred to the LC_50,12h occur for copper only after 72 h of exposure and for zinc after 48 h of exposure. The values of LC_50,96h are clearly lower for both metals in the investigations described than most data given in literature for different fish species.     

A Study on the Effect of Temperature upon the Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to the Freshwater Snail Viviparus bengalensis L.

The toxicity of Na-pentachlorophenate to Viviparus bengalensis is investigated by batch tests with daily exchange of medium in the temperature range between 19 °C (February), 27 °C (April), 32 °C (June) and 30 °C (August) at times of exposure between 12 and 96 h. In the range of higher concentrations, pronounced abnormalities in behaviour by secreting mucus and discharging eggs and embryos occur. The LC₅₀ are lowest for all times of exposure at 27 °C, whereas the times of survival with a given concentration are highest at 30 °C. From the LC_{50, 96h, 27°C} = 66 μg/l results a safe concentration of only 47 μg/l Na-pentachlorophenate for Viviparus bengalensis.     

Toxicity of the Herbicide 2.4-D-Na to Two Species of Freshwater Prawn of the Genus Macrobrachium

In batch experiments with exposure for 24 to 96 h Macrobrachium naso and M. dayanum were exposed to solutions of the sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. The LC_50,96h are 2.397 g/l for Macrobrachium naso and 2.275 g/l for M. dayanum. No mortality was observed in solutions of 2.1 and 1.85 g/l. The differences in toxicity are not dependent on the size of the organisms, but they are species-specific.     

Aldrin Induced Changes in the Activities of Three Phosphatases of Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne EDWARDS)

Macrobrachium lamarrei is exposed to 0.008, 0.017 and 0.021 mg/1 aldrin (0.4, 0.8 and 1.0 of the LC_50,96h) for 24… 96 h and after exposure the activities of the acid, alkaline and glucose-6-phosphatases are determined. With concentration and time of exposure the acid phosphatase shows an increasing activity up to 170 % compared with the control, which is interpreted as a part of prenecrotic changes in the cells. With concentration and time of exposure the alkaline phosphatase shows a decreasing activity down to 20 % of the control, which is indicative of considerable disturbances of the total metabolism. The glucose-6-phosphatase shows an increasing activity with the aldrin concentration up to 150 % during 72 h; then the activity drops to 60… 80 %. The initial rise in the glucose concentration of blood caused by that is the clear consequence of a stress reaction and the change of metabolism resulting from it.     

Studies on the Toxicity of Some Insecticides to a Freshwater Teleost Lebistes reticulatus (PETERS)

In batch tests with daily exchange of the medium the toxicity of endosulfan, lindane, aldrin, chlordane, rogor and novocron is investigated during times of exposure of 12… 96 h. The mean survival periods and the LC₅₀ are determined. Toxicity increases in the following sequence (LC_50,96h) (in mg/1): novocron (22.65), rogor (18.97), chlordane (0.341), aldrin (0.017), lindane (0.0160), endosulfan (0.0027). The following safe concentrations in mg/1 are recommended: 0.0006 endosulfan, 0.0041 lindane, 0.0010 aldrin, 0.1436 chlordane, 5.4086 rogor and 7.2309 novocron.     

Comparative Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Interaction of Metals on a Freshwater Pulmonate Snail Lymnaea acuminata (Lamarck)

In static bioassays the toxicity of heavy metal ions against Lymnaea acuminata over 24 … 96 h is tested. The values of the LC_50,96h for the metals tested are, in mg/l: Hg²⁺ ?0.023; Cu²⁺-0.034, Cd²⁺ ?0.872, Ni²⁺ ?2.78, Cr⁶⁺ ?5.97 and Zn²⁺ ?10.49. In the combined solutions of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ at least an additive effect of toxicity occurs in the presence of two metals. The same holds for the presence of the three metals; in this case, the relative toxicity against the mixture of two metallic salt solutions appears to be slightly reduced. The acute manifestation of the toxic effect occurs within 48 h, subsequently the relative mortality decreases especially in the mixed solutions.     

Effect of Three Synthetic Pyrethroids to a Non-target Fish,Channa striatus Wirkung von drei synthetischen Pyrethroiden auf einen Nichtziel-Organismus,den Fisch Channa striatus

Exposure of Channa striatus over 24 h to 40% and 80% of the LC_50;24h of the three pyrethroids cypermethrin, permethrin, and fenvalerate did not cause any significant changes in the levels of total protein and free amino acids in the liver and muscle tissues of the fish. After 96 h exposure, the protein amino acid levels are altered significantly.     

The acute toxicity of silver to some freshwater fishes

In the batch experiment with daily exchange of medium the acute toxicity of Ag from AgNO₃ to Channa punctatus, Lebistes reticulatus and Puntius sophore is determined over 12 to 96 h exposure. In general, the sensitivity of species increases in the order mentioned. The LC_{50, 96h} are 18.89 μg/l Ag for Channa punctatus, 7.55 μg/l Ag for Puntius sophore and 6.44 μg/l for Lebistes reticulatus. For 12 and 48 h exposure the values in the same order of species are: 62 and 30, 44 and 14 as well as 57 and 16 μg/l Ag.     

Toxicity of Phenol,Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenolate to a Freshwater Teleost Lebistes reticulatus (Peters)

Lebistes reticulatus (Peters) was exposed to various concentrations of phenol, pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenolate to determine their toxicity, lethal concentrations and slope functions by a static bioassay procedure. Simultaneous controls were also run. The 94h LC₅₀ values were 47.5mg/l (42.04 … 53.68) for phenol, 0.77 mg/l (0.616 … 0.963) for sodium pentachlorophenate and 0.97 mg/l (0.866 … 1.086) for pentachlorophenol. On this basis, the rank order is sodium pentachlorophenolate-pentachlorophenol-phenol. During the treatment, fish showed an abnormal swimming reflex, excessive mucus secretion, haemorrhage near lips, abdomen and basis of fins and loss of equilibrium followed by death.     

Effects of sublethal concentrations of copper and freshwater on behaviour in an estuarine gastropod Polinices sordidus

This study investigated the effects of contamination by copper and freshwater on the behaviour of the estuarine gastropod Polinices sordidus. The burying response was inhibited by both pollutants. In the case of copper, it was suggested that this response after 30 min could reflect toxicity after 96 h, i.e. the 96 h LC₅₀ and the 30 min ED₅₀ were very similar. P. sordidus responded to freshwater at concentrations well below the 96 h LC₅₀, suggesting that this species can detect sublethal concentrations of freshwater. Thus, for salinity, the 30 min ED₅₀ is not a reliable indicator of the 96 h LC₅₀. A linear decline in crawling activity was found in the presence of increasing concentrations of both pollutants. These results for both aspects of behaviour are discussed in the light of results reported earlier for a marine species Polinices incei.     

Influence of Temperature on the Toxicity of Phenol and its Chloro- and Nitro-derivatives to the Fish Notopterus notopterus (PALLAS)

There is determined the LC₅₀ for 24 … 96 h of phenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol as sodium salt by static assay at water temperatures of 16, 23 and 36°C. In addition, the combinations of the three substances were tested in the same way. With decreasing temperature, the toxicity of the individual substances decreased by 6.5 … 22%, that of the mixtures by 10 … 87%; with rising temperature, the toxicity increased by 38 … 747% and 75 … 744%, respectively. The safety limits at 23°C lie between 0.3 μg/l for a synergistically acting mixture and 0.9 mg/l for an antagonistically acting one; for the individual substances this range is 3.5 μg/l to 0.5 mg/l.     

Alterations in Certain Organic Components and Serum Electrolytes in Notopterus notopterus Chronically Exposed to Phenolic Compounds

• The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effects of three sublethal concentrations (1/10th, 1/15th and 1/20th fractions of 96 h LC₅₀) of phenol (P), dinitrophenol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and their antagonistic [(PCP + DNP)/P], additive [(DNP + P)/PCP] and synergistic [(P + DNP)/PCP] combinations, on several organic and inorganic components of haemopoetic systems of Notopterus notopterus after 30 d of exposure.
• Glucose, lactate, total phosphorus, non-protein nitrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and chloride were found to be increased in most cases while protein and cholesterol were found to be decreased.
• It has been concluded that these alterations in blood parameters might be due to a damage or hyperactivity of liver, kidney and endocrine glands, the main centres for controlling the tissue metabolism.

     

Efficaciousness of Certain Chemicals to Control Dracunculiasis — A Field Trial

To prevent infection with Dracunculus medinensis, a carrier host, the copepod Cyclops, has to be controlled. After preceding laboratory investigations a field trial with well water and different additions of chlorine and sodium permanganate is carried out. The exposure is performed at an ambient temperature of 25… 40 °C and in bright and dark samples (5… 11 h of sunshine/d) as well as in the well. The residual concentrations of the two chemicals are an exponential function of the time of exposure with half-times between 6 and 23 h for chlorine and 11… 30 h for sodium permanganate. The depletion of the two oxidizing agents under light is faster than in darkness. Dosage should be done in such a way that the LC_90,24h after 24 h of exposure will not be fallen below; in a specific case, this guarantees at the same time that the permissible concentrations for drinking water will not be reached 96 h after addition. For this, initial concentrations of 30 mg 1 Cl₂ or 50 mg/l KMnO_r are necessary. Under these conditions, the Cyclops population had died on the seventh day after the application of chemicals, but after seven weeks it reached the original density again. With one application of chloride or sodium permanganate a week Dracunculiasis can be completely controlled.     

Biochemical study of the gonads of Mystus vittatus exposed to the fertilizer NPK during the spawning season. Part 1: Carbohydrates

The gonads of spawning Mystus vittatus exposed for 96 h to the LC₅₀-96 h dose (i.e. 550 ppm) of NPK, the agricultural fertilizer, were biochemically analysed for their carbohydrate content. The glucose and glycogen contents of the spawning fish were found to be lowered significantly, and the total carbohydrate and lactic acid contents altered insignificantly, under the pollutional stress. The stressed fish also exhibited the presence of some additional free sugars within their gonads.     

Biochemical Study of the Gonads of Mystus vittatus (Bl.) Exposed to the Acute Toxic Dose of NPK During the Spawning Season: Protein and Amino Acids

The freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus, were exposed to the LC₅₀, 96 h dose (i.e. 550 ppm.) of the agro-fertilizer NPK for 96 h, during the spawning period (March–June). Their gonads were biochemically analysed for the total protein content and the free amino acids. The protein content of the gonads of the stressed fish was found lowered. The fish also showed disappearence of certain amino acids from their gonads.     

Diazinon Toxicity: Activities of Acetylcholinesterase and Phosphatases in the Nervous Tissue of Zebra Fish,Brachydanio rerio (Cyprinidae)

The LC₅₀-value of diazinon for Brachydanio rerio decreases from 2.3 to 2.12 mg/1 during the time from 24 to 96 h. In the course of exposure for 24 to 288 h against 0.26 to 2.08 mg/1 diazinon the activity of acetylcholinesterase as well as acid and alkaline phosphatases decreases to 20.… 30% as a minimum. The decrease of the enzymatic activities in the brain tissue is more time-dependent than concentration-dependent, which may de due to the respective metabolites of diazinon.     

Toxicity of sediment-incorporated drilling fluids

The 24, 96, or 168h LC₅₀s of four used drilling fluids or barite incorporated into sediment were determined in toxicity tests with lancelets (Branchiostoma caribaeum), a benthic chordate. Concurrent to LC₅₀ determinations, EC₅₀s were calculated from the number of lancelets that did not burrow into contaminated sediments. Observations of the burrowing behaviour allowed quantitation of effects after 24h exposures to each of the drilling fluids whereas lancelet mortality was sufficient to calculate 24h LC₅₀s for only one drilling fluid. Drilling fluids were less toxic to lancelets when incorporated into sediments than to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) or benthic invertebrate communities in water-column exposures.     

Biomonitoring of the Contamination of Water by a Sublethal Concentration of Pesticides — A System Analysis Approach

Heteropneustes (Saccobranchus) fossilis (Pisces; Clariidae) is exposed to the biocides Chlordane, Aldrin, Metasystox, Dichlorvos, Carbofuran and Sevin for 30 d at a concentration of the 1/15 fraction of LC_50;96h with daily exchange of the medium. At intervals of 5 d the respiration rate was determined for 1 h. In addition, after the end of tests 13 haematological parameters as well as the activities of the adenosine triphosphatases and the acetylcholinesterase were determined in the liver, the kidney and the gills. During all exposures to biocides the respiration rate decreases significantly with the test time. At all exposures the blood concentrations of glucose, sodium- and chloride-ions show a significant increase, whereas the cholesterin content and the clotting time decrease significantly. The ATPase activity is significantly reduced only by Aldrin and Chlordane. A significant reduction of the acetylcholinesterase activity occurs in each of the three investigated tissues only for Metasystox and Dichlorvos and in the liver in addition also for Chlordane, Aldrin and Carbofuran. Therefore, the respiration rate and haematological criteria permit a general stress indication, enzymatic activities constitute a specific indication of individual groups of biocides, so that a systematic analysis of these three indication groups will probably provide a specific resultant statement in a biomonitoring system due to the specific inhibition pattern.