太湖梅梁湾春季浮游植物初级生产力

用黑白瓶测氧法对梅梁湾春季浮游植物初级生产力的变化特征进行研究,探讨了初级生产力的日变化、垂直变化、区域分布、浮游植物现存量与初级生产力的关系以及不同曝光时间对P-I曲线的影响.结果表明,梅梁湾浮游植物初级生产力存在明显的日变化,最大值出现在10:00-14:00;初级生产力在梅梁湾分布呈现为从湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势;除表层水受光抑制影响使其生产力相对较低外,初级生产力随水深的增加而降低;初级生产力与叶绿素a存在显著的正相关,用水柱层平均叶绿素a浓度来估算初级生产力比用表层叶绿素a浓度来估算要更为精确;短的曝光时间往往带来高的初级生产力和同化系数.     

太湖梅梁湾水体中初级生产力的光学检测

研究了1998年5月,10月,12月。1999年8月以及2001年7月和9月的太湖梅梁湾的初级生产力和光照时发现,在不同水层中,20cm左右的水深处初级生产力最大,最大初级生产力与叶绿素a的关系是Pm=0.012[Chla]-0.028[Chla](n=30）,在叶绿素a与光谱之间关系以及初级生产力与光强之间关系的基础上,建立了初级生产力与光谱之间的关系,在蓝光光谱波段和红光光谱波段的Kd较大,较大,而550nm的Kd最小。     

Environmental observations in the Gulf of Gdansk and Pomeranian Bay following the summer flood of 1997

Summary In July and at the beginning of August 1997 a study was undertaken in the Gulf of Gdańsk and Pomeranian Bay to follow the immediate effects of the flood which occurred within the Polish rivers — Wisla and Odra — drainage areas. The study included measurements and observations of meteorological and hydrodynamic parameters, basic physico-chemical variables, certain persistent organic pollutants as well as heavy metals and the level of sanitary pollution. The paper presents an overview of environmental conditions in the bays, based on hydrochemical data, subsequent to the inflow of the flood crests. Results of biological investigations, carried out solely in the Pomeranian Bay, on phytoplankton abundance, biomass, species composition and Zooplankton diversity are also presented in the paper. The results of measurements were evaluated in comparison with long-term (1979–1996) monitoring data and control measurements carried out in the last decade of August. It was found out that the impact of flood water was restricted to internal areas of both bays and the negative environmental effects appeared only locally.

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Umweltuntersuchungen in der Danziger und der Pommerschen Bucht nach der Sommerflut 1997

Zusammenfassung Im Juli und Anfang August 1997 fand in der Danziger und in der Pommerschen Bucht eine Untersuchung mit dem Ziel statt, die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen der Flut, die sich in den Einzugsgebieten der polnischen Flüsse Weichsel und Oder ereignet hatte, festzustellen. Die Untersuchung umfa?te Messungen und Beobachtungen meteorologischer, hydrodynamischer und physisch-chemischer Parameter, bestimmter best?ndiger organischer Schadstoffe sowie Messungen von Schwermetallen und Messungen zum Grad der Verunreinigungen durch Colibakterien. Die Arbeit gibt einen überblick über Umweltbeeintr?chtigungen in den betroffenen Gebieten im Anschlu? an den Einstrom des Hochwassers basierend auf hydrochemischen Daten. Ergebnisse biologischer Untersuchungen in der Pommerschen Bucht, speziell auf den Gehalt an Phytoplankton, Biomasse und deren Zusammensetzung sowie auf Zooplanktonvielfalt, werden gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse der Messungen wurden im Vergleich mit Daten aus Langzeitreihen (1979–1996) und Kontrollmessungen in der letzten Dekade des August bewertet. Es wurde festgestellt, da? der Einflu? des Hochwassers sich auf die inneren Gebiete beider Buchten beschr?nkte und negative Umweltver?nderungen nur lokal auftraten.

     

Relationships between the Concentrations of Phyto-Pigments,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Bottom Deposits of Water Reservoirs

Samples characterizing the horizontal distribution of bottom deposits of different types in the Upper Volga reservoirs were used to study the statistical relationship between the indicators of the potential and actual trophy of water bodies. These indicators are the amount of biogenic elements (the total nitrogen and phosphorus) and phyto-pigments (in the dry and wet masses of soil and in its organic fraction). The relationship between the above indicators for the channel deposits from the Upper Volga reservoirs and for the deposits in the lake hollows is found to he linear.     

太湖梅梁湾上空颗粒态磷浓度2003年春季的变化

太湖水体氮磷营养盐的研究比较多,但对大气营养物质的输入研究方面仍鲜有报道.通过定期采集太湖梅梁湾地区上空颗粒物,测定颗粒中各种形态磷(可溶性无机磷、有机磷、难溶性磷)浓度,探讨大气磷输入对梅梁湾水质的磷的贡献.结果表明2003年春季梅梁湾上空平均颗粒态磷浓度分别为0.157μg/m3,其中水溶性无机磷的含量在15.6%-51.0%.最后估算了春季大气总磷输入量,春季两次采样周期中大气磷沉降通量相差不大.进一步估算了大气总磷的沉降通量最大为0.57kg(hm2·a)(6.84t/a),显示大气沉降对太湖水体的影响.     

放养前后鱼塘沉积物中氮、磷、有机质、色素的变化及环境意义

通过对针塘沉积物中营养盐,有机质及色素在放养前后的测试,对比分析了在人类活动（养殖）的影响下,由于鱼塘水体快速富营养化而引起底质上述指标的变化过程,其中快速沉积环境极有利于沉积色素的保存,具有较好的环境营养状况指示意义,同时有机质,色素和营养盐之间存在着密切的相关关系,这为利用色素方法研究短时间序列环境演变,尤其是在近代人类活动影响下的环境变化提供了一定的依据。     

Activity concentration of caesium-137 in seawater and plankton of the Pomeranian Bay (the Southern Baltic Sea) before and after flood in 1997

Activity coefficients of 137Cs determined during culminating flood waters in August 1997 in the estuary of the Oder River, discharging to the Pomeranian Bay as well as in the coastal and open-seawaters of the Bay, did not show enhanced levels of the nuclide as compared to those measured before the flood. It is thus concluded that the flood did not contribute to releasing the nuclide from eroded soil particles. The bioconcentration factors of 137Cs in the riverine plankton has been found to be one to two orders of magnitude higher than those determined in the Pomeranian Bay plankton.     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物-水界面氮迁移特征初步研究

用乙炔为抑制剂,气相色谱法测定了１９９７年夏季太湖梅梁湾口沉积物－水界面的反硝化率和Ｎ２Ｏ的自然排放率,太湖梅梁湾沉积物的反硝化率为１．４－５．６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,Ｎ２Ｏ的复原斐和率为０．０８－０．６６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,探讨了沉积物－水界面ＮＯ＾－３的交换动态。指出沉积物内硝化－反硝化作用是太湖湖泊生态系统氮循环过程中一个重要的环节。在湖泊水土界面氮交换中,沉积物是具有吸收     

模拟湿地中磷的去除规律初步研究

通过在人工构建湿地"小宇宙"系统开展受控模拟实验,研究湿地湿生植物对水环境中磷的吸收和去除规律.本次研究,选择对比四种不同类型挺水植物和浮叶植物,在不同体系环境条件下(如溶解氧、pH)对水环境中磷吸收和去除.模拟实验通过对比四种不同类型的水生植物系统,结果显示,不同类型湿生植物对环境中磷的吸收强度和作用方式有较大的差别.总体来看,实验体系水体中正磷酸盐浓度下降趋势大致呈现的"三阶段"变化模式,即:坡降期、陡降期、平台期,不同期内磷去除率分别为:35.53%、29.98%和7.20%.     

氮、磷等营养物质对低洼盐碱地鱼塘水质的影响

通过在实验围隔中添加不同浓度的氮、磷等营养物质,对黄淮海平原低洼盐碱地鱼塘中的水质变化情况进行了初步研究,结果表明：1）围隔水体中异养细菌数量的变动,与水体中氮、磷等营养物质的浓度及比例密切相关,尤其是水体中磷的浓度对异养细菌数量的影响更为显著。2）围隔水体中的氮、磷等营养浓度及比率,明显地影响着其中藻类的数量和生物量。在实验条件下,水体中磷对藻类生长的影响要大于氮对藻类生长的影响,水体中N：P比为10：1左右是比较适宜藻类生长的比例。3）围隔水体中氮、磷等营养盐的去除能力与其中藻类的生物量及水体中N：P的比率密切相关,当围隔水体中的N：P比为10：1左右时,围隔水体中的藻类生长最好,生物量增加最快,相应地其对TN、TP的去除率也是最高的。     

Addition of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Support the Invasiveness of Alternanthera Philoxeroides Under Water Stress

Coordination of plant functional traits with changes in the environment is helpful to understand the mechanisms underlying both invasiveness and adaptation of plants. Thus, to investigate the performance and functional traits in invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.), an experiment of water stress is conducted with different nutrient concentrations. Alternanthera philoxeroides plants are grown under natural and nutrient soils and subjected to three levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) solution: ambient P and N concentration (P?N?), P addition with an ambient N concentration (P+N?), and P addition with high N concentration (P+N+) in combination with three different irrigation water levels as 1) 100% irrigation, 2) 50% irrigation, and 3) 25% deficit irrigation. Based on results, A. philoxeroides produces significantly higher biomass in both soils under 100% irrigation with P+N? treatment and exhibits higher values of leaf area and root length. However, 25% irrigation with P?N? treatment in both soils exerts a significant negative effect on relative growth rate and root/shoot ratio of A. philoxeroides plants. Under 50% irrigation in soils with both P+N? and P+N+ treatments, high values of leaf nitrogen are recorded. Moreover, nutrient soil is more supportive to A. philoxeroides than natural soil.     

Nitrogen isotope ratios in estuarine biota collected along a nutrient gradient in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios were used to study the incorporation of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen into the food webs of salt marsh systems along a contamination gradient in Narragansett Bay. Nitrogen isotope ratios (delta(15)N) were measured in six estuarine species collected from three marshes along this gradient, monthly from June to October between 1997 and 1999. A significant decrease in delta(15)N was found with distance along the estuary for four of the six species. Significant differences were found among monthly isotope ratios for some species. Nitrogen isotope ratios in sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) increased during the summer season with highest delta(15)N values measured during September and October. This trend was most pronounced at the station receiving the highest nutrient inputs. Elevated delta(15)N values at this station appeared to correlate with seawater ammonia/nitrate concentration ratios. The temporal variations in delta(15)N suggest that care should be taken in species selection and the design of sampling schemes of studies using delta(15)N for monitoring anthropogenic nutrients in aquatic systems. Sampling programs designed to determine long-term trends should consider species that do not show rapid fluctuations in isotope ratios. The mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus, responded this way in the present study. Studies designed to measure short-term changes should include species such as U. lactuca, which rapidly respond to isotope changes. The results from this study also help to establish a baseline for nitrogen isotope values in Narragansett Bay. This information can be used to monitor future trends in nitrogen inputs to this estuary.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Precipitation and Air Stripping in Vietnam

A “No Mix” sanitation system was installed in a dormitory at the University of CanTho in South Vietnam, with the objective of recycling nutrients from source separated wastewater streams. This paper presents the “Yellow Water” treatment plant and its efficiency in recovering phosphorus and nitrogen from human urine. The pilot plant achieved phosphorus removal efficiencies of 98% with both diluted and undiluted urine. Phosphorus was recovered in the form of struvite, a solid mineral fertilizer with heavy metal concentrations being below the German Fertilizer Regulation's threshold limits. About 110 g of struvite could be generated after one treatment cycle, during which 50 L of urine were processed. Nitrogen removal by air stripping showed best results when circulating the urine for 3 h through the stripping column at a high flow rate (80 L/h). With these settings, more than 90% of the nitrogen could be removed from the urine, and virtually 100% of this nitrogen could be recovered in the form of liquid ammonium sulfate. In the future, treatment costs could be further reduced by making use of the solar energy that is available during daytime in South Vietnam.     

An Estimation of the Mercury Content in the Waters of the Pomeranian Baltic-Shore-Area

In the catchment area of the Pomeranian Bay an average mercury concentration of 178 ng/l in precipitation was determined. Eight different flowing waters showed mean concentrations between 105 ng/l (?upawa) and 500 ng/l (Odra), a pronounced annual cycle having been demonstrated for the concentrations and for the freights with the minimum in February/March and the maximum in August/September. The total freight of the eight rivers amounts to 19.5 t/a, the share of the Wisla being 11 t/a. The ratio between the mercury precipitation of 335 to 410 μg/m²a Hg and the run-off varies of 30 … 75 μg/m²a Hg for the individual river basins between 0.08 and 0.21. In the Baltic Sea, the mercury concentrations are 40 ng/l in the open sea, 50 ng/l in the coastal region and 290 … 390 ng/l near the estuaries. Trough the eight investigated rivers about 48 km³/a water run off into the Baltic Sea with about 20 t/a Hg. The total introduction of Hg into the Baltic Sea is estimated at 100 t/a with the river water, 35 t/a with precipitation and 35 t/a with dust.     

Long-Term Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Subsoil Water in Ivankovo Reservoir Drainage Basin

Water Resources - The article presents the results of summer dry-season areal surveys of subsoil water chemistry in the drainage basin of the Ivankovo Reservoir in the Volga segment from Tver City...     

太湖底泥及其间隙水中氮磷垂直分布及相互关系分析

对太湖主要湖区柱状样底泥的总氮、总磷含量及其间隙水铵态氮（ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ）、磷酸根磷（ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ）和二价铁Ｆｅ（ＩＩ）含量进行了分析,并对底泥和间隙水中相应物质含量进行了比较,结果表明：太湖近表层１０ｃｍ内底泥ＴＮ、ＴＰ赋存含量较之下层高１２％－２０％左右,间隙水中ＰＯ＾３＋４－Ｐ和ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ含量随浓度增加而大致呈上升趋势,表层未见高浓度层存在,各湖区底泥间隙水中ＰＯ＾３＋４－Ｐ和ＮＨ＾