Water Quality,Phytoplankton Diversity and Production in G. B. Pant Sagar at Rihand Dam,Pipri

The man made reservoir, G. B. Pant Sagar at the dam site (24° 15′ N Lat) in the South Mirzapur district of eastern U. P. was investigated in terms of water quality, phytoplankton diversity and production at monthly intervals between January 1987 and December 1987. The reservoir water showed low to moderate dissolved oxygen (4.3 … 7.5 mg/l) and quite low nutrient contents (0.01-0.2 mg l^?1). Phytoplankton diversity narrowly fluctuated (3.17-3.74) and mean annual production (149.7 g/m³ · aC) showed a meso- to eutrophic condition. A significant positive correlation was obtained between gross production and phytoplankton density (r = 0.79; P < 0.001) Multiple regression equation (GPP = 11.292 + 0.043 BAC + 0.075 CHL + 0.073 CYN) indicates that Chlorophyta contributed more to gross production due to the presence of a higher number of individuals.     

Zur Anwendung des Standards TGL 27885/01 zur Klassifizierung und Bewirtschaftung von Flachgewässern

For the shallow lake there can be expected eutrophic conditions according to its morphometric data (z? 2.8 m, l 1.1… 1.8a), even mesotrophic conditions acc. to the catchment area (2.8 km²/hm³, 8 km²/km², 20% wood) and eutrophic conditions acc. to load (1,340 Population Equivalents/hm³, 0.027… 0.386 g/m² a P). The actually measured data of oxygen balance, nutrient contents and bioproduction show a eutrophic situation with a trend towards polytrophy. The difference to the expectation values can be explained by an underestimation of direct loading from a duck farm and the back-wash waters of a waterworks, so that sanitation measures for reducing the direct loading are promising. The relocation of the duck farm and of a large complex of stables as well as the introduction of extensive fishery utilization with a balanced stock of predatory fish resulted in perceptible trends of oligotrophication already after two years, especially by a remarkable promotion of the macrophyte stocks in the shallow water zone.     

The Role of the Littoral (Shallow) Zone in Reservoir Productivity

The Rihand reservoir having a surface area of 46,588 ha, a capacity of 10.6 km³ and a shore line length of 561 km is used for hydroelectricity generation. With an annual-cylcic behaviour in the same direction, measurements of the chemism generally yield higher values of mineralization in the littoral region than in the pelagial one. Especially the hydrogencarbonate content and the concentration of alkaline earths are clearly higher in the littoral zone. By investigations using the light-and-dark-bottle method the following average and extreme data of the primary production were obtained in mg C/m³ · d: littoral zone, gross 431 (200 … 1386), net 269 (11 … 1016): pelagial zone, gross 268 (83 … 562), net 122 (0 … 286). Measurements were carried out only immediately below the water surface, not in depth series. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the considerable share of shallow water zones in the total production of the storage reservoir.     

中国太湖物理—生物工程实验中菱对水质影响的模式

A model on a physico-biological engineering experiment for purifying water in Wulihu Bay of Lake Taihu by using Trapa natans var. bispinosa was constructed. The state variables in water in the physico-biological engineering were ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N); nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N); nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N); phosphate phosphorus (PO₄^3--P); dissolved oxygen (DO); nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in detritus; biomass density, N and P in phytoplankton and in Trapa natans var. bispinosa, N and P in the substance adsorbed by the membrane of the engineering and the rootstocks of Trapa natans var. bispinosa. The state variables in bottom mud layer were PO₄^3--P in the core water,exchangeable P and N. The external forcing functions were solar radiation, water temperature, NH₄⁺-N; NO₃^--N; NO₂^--N; PO₄^3--P; N and P in detritus; DO; phytoplankton concentrations in inflow water and the retention time of the water in physico-biological engineering channel. The main physical, chemical and biological processes considered in the model were:growth of Trapa natans var. bispinosa and phytoplankton; oxidation of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N, of detritus break down; N and P sorption by the enclosure cloth of the experimental engineering and by the rootstocks of Trapa natans var. bispinosa in water; reaeration of water; uptake of P, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N by phytoplankton and Trapa natans var. bispinosa:mortality of the phytoplankton and Trapa natans var. bispinosa:settling of detritus; and nutrient release from sediment. Comparison of calculated results and observed results showed that the model was constructed reasonably for the experiment. The mechanism of purifying lake water in the experiment engineering was discussed by the use of the model.     

Studies on Primary Productivity and some Hydrochemical Aspects of a Polluted Water-body of the Himalayan Jhelum Valley

The lake without any outlet (11 ha, 55000 m³, z_max 2,25 m) has a weak thermal stratification with maximum surface temperatures of 32.5 °C. The annual variation of temperature and depth of visibility is unimodal, with the maxima or minima in August. Phytoplankton consists mainly of Cyanophyceae. The primary production determined by the light-dark bottle technique (oxygen method) varies in the annual variation between 0.3… 0.5 g m^?2 d^?1 C (winter) and 3.4… 4.6 g m^?2 d^?1 C (summer); as the annual means of 1975 and 1976 there were found 1.9 and 2.4 g m^?2 d^?1 C, resp., gross production at a utilization of 0.42… 2.85% of the radiation energy. The chemism is a well-buffered hydrogen-carbonate water (pH 8.1… 9.0) with 74… 90 mg/1 Na and 20.5… 31.5 mg/1 K and with a good nutrient supply (20… 40 μg/1 PO₄—P and 100… 240 μg/1 NO₃—N) at the same time.     

The Chemical Background of Eutrophication in the Skalka-Reservoir

Through a power plant an inflow of considerably heated and very eutrophic water gets into the polymikt reservoir (volume h 15.1 · 10⁶m³, 341 ha, MQ6 m³/s). Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient with a relatively high share from agricultural utilization. The spring maximum of phytoplankton is due to chlorophytes and diatoms, and the summer maximum is caused by cyanophyceae (up to 300 colonies/ml). It could be successfully controlled by copper sulphate. This treatment did not produce any negative effects in the free water (0.05 … 0.1 mg/l Cu²⁺) or in the sediment with a storage of about 1 t Cu per year. The construction of preimpoundment reservoirs, however, must be recommended for a lasting solution.     

Elemental and stable isotopic constraints on river influence and patterns of nitrogen cycling and biological productivity in Hudson Bay

Elemental (carbon and nitrogen) ratios and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) are examined in sediments and suspended particulate matter from Hudson Bay to study the influence of river inputs and autochthonous production on organic matter distribution. River-derived particulate organic matter (POM) is heterogeneous, nitrogen-poor and isotopically depleted, consistent with expectations for OM derived from terrestrial C3 vascular plant sources, and distinct from marine OM sources. Both δ¹³C and C/N source signatures seem to be transmitted to sediments with little or no modification, therefore making good tracers for terrigenous OM in Hudson Bay. They suggest progressively larger contributions from marine sources with distance from shore and secondarily from south to north, which broadly corresponds to the distribution of river inputs to Hudson Bay. Processes other than mixing of marine and terrigenous OM influence sedimentary δ¹⁵N values, including variability in the δ¹⁵N of phytoplankton in the Bay's surface waters due to differences in relative nitrate utilization, and post-production processes, which bring about an apparently constant ¹⁵N-enrichment between surface waters and underlying sediments. Variability in the δ¹⁵N of phytoplankton in the Bay's surface waters, in contrast, seems to be organized spatially with a pattern that suggests an inshore–offshore difference in surface water nitrogen conditions (open- vs. closed-system) and hence the δ¹⁵N value of phytoplankton. The δ¹⁵N patterns, supported by a simple nitrate box-model budget, suggest that in inshore regions of Hudson Bay, upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich waters replenishes surface nitrate, resulting in ‘open system’ conditions which tend to maintain nitrate δ¹⁵N at low and constant values, and these values are reflected in the sinking detritus. River inflow, which is constrained to inshore regions of Hudson Bay, appears to be a relatively minor source of nitrate compared to upwelling of deep waters. However, river inflow may contribute indirectly to enhanced inshore nutrient supply by supporting large-scale estuarine circulation and consequently entrainment and upwelling of deep water in this area. In contrast to previous proposals that Hudson Bay is oligotrophic because it receives too much fresh water (Dunbar, 1993), our results support most of the primary production being organized around the margin of the Bay, where river flow is constrained.     

Estimating Net Primary Productivity and Nutrient Stock in Plant in Freshwater Marsh,Northeastern China

We have investigated the contributions of three dominant macrophyte species, Deyeuxia angustifolia, Carex lasiocarpa, and Carex pseudocuraica (covering about 10 304 km²), to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stocks in the largest freshwater marsh (17 300 km²) in China for a 3‐year period (from 2002 to 2004). The monthly biomass, seasonal, and annual net primary productivity (NPP), and nutrient concentrations of three species were measured. All three plant species showed rapid growth in the rainy season. The maximum and minimum production rates in the freshwater marsh were ～36.19 and ～9.92 g m^?2 day^?1, respectively. The total NPP accounts 1900–2700 g m^?2 year^?1 in the studied area. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in roots were higher than those in stem and leaf tissues. The vast beds of the three studied species comprise 80% of the grass covered marsh of Sanjiang plain, contributing annual nutrient stocks of ～10.99 × 10⁶, ～788.36 × 10³, and ～18.10 × 10³ t (tonnes) for TOC, TN, and TP, respectively. Our results suggest that the nutrient bioaccumulation capacity in freshwater marshes depend mainly on plant species, which are decided by hydrological conditions. The nutrient stocks in the Sanjiang plain marsh have been greatly reduced because some of the area occupied by C. lasiocarpa was replaced by D. angustifolia as a result of succession caused by the changes of water table.     

Hydrobiological Investigations of the Water Quality of the Water Supply Reservoirs Husinec and Římov

The two eutrophicated reservoirs Husinec (2.6 km³, 35 ha, z_max 18 m, MQ 1.87 m^3/s) and ?ímov (34.5 hm³, 216 ha, z_max 44 m, MQ 4.14 m^3/s) show concentrations of total phosphorus of 10… 50 mg/m³ and chlorophyll contents of 7… 36 mg/m³ in the summer season. For both reservoirs a good correlation exists between the chlorophyll concentration and the density of the phytoplankton (20 · 10³… 13 · 10⁶ ind./l). With average concentrations of 10… 20 mg/m³ chlorophyll a in summer, the water can be treated for producing drinking water only at a higher expenditure. The water quality will be improved by a reduction of the phosphorus load.     

淮南采煤塌陷湖泊浮游植物优势种的营养动力学

在淮南潘谢矿区选取3个营养盐结构差异较大的塌陷湖泊,于2014—2015年4个季度分别对浮游植物群落结构组成进行调查,选取3个湖泊中的优势种(属)具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata)、链形小环藻(Cyclotella catenata)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)作为研究对象,设置不同的氮(N)、磷(P)浓度梯度进行营养动力学培养实验,并结合Monod方程,获得3个藻种在不同营养盐限制下的营养动力学参数.N限制下具尾蓝隐藻、小环藻和伪鱼腥藻的最大生长速率(μmax)和半饱和常数(Ks)分别为:0.66 d~(-1)、1.66 mg/L;0.37 d~(-1)、1.06 mg/L;0.71 d~(-1)、2.26 mg/L;P限制下它们的μmax和Ks则分别为:0.51 d~(-1)、0.023 mg/L;0.31 d~(-1)、0.035 mg/L;0.90 d~(-1)、0.015 mg/L.综上所述,在N充足时,伪鱼腥藻能够在竞争中形成优势,同时在P限制情况下易成为优势种,从营养动力学的角度揭示了其在塌陷湖泊中占据优势的营养盐动力学机制.研究结果可以为沉陷区水域开发利用和营养盐管理提供科学依据.     

Intra-annual variability in nutrients in the Godavari estuary,India

Daily variations in nutrients were monitored for 15 months (September 2007–November 2008) in the Godavari estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India, at two fixed locations. River discharge has significant influence on nutrients loading to the estuary, which peaks during June–August (peak discharge period; monsoon) whereas exchanges at the sediment–water interface, groundwater and rainwater contribute significantly during other period. Despite significant amount of nutrients brought by discharge to the study region, phytoplankton biomass, in terms of chlorophyll-a (Chl a), did not increase significantly due to high suspended load and shallow photic depth. Nutrients showed downward gradient towards downstream of the estuary from upstream due to dilution by nutrient poor seawater and biological uptake. The N:P ratios were higher than Redfield ratio in both upstream and downstream of the estuary during no discharge period suggesting PO₄ to be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton production, at levels <0.10 μmol L⁻¹. On the other hand, Si:N ratios were always more than unity during entire study period at both the stations indicating that Si(OH)₄ is not a limiting nutrient. Our results suggest that suspended matter limits phytoplankton biomass during peak discharge period whereas PO₄ during no discharge period.     

Sedimentation und Phosphorhaushalt im Vierwaldstättersee (Horwer Bucht) und im Rotsee

In 1969/70, chemical and physical parameters, phytoplankton and recent sedimentation at different levels were investigated in the mesotrophic Lake of Lucerne (Horw Bay) and in the highly eutrophic Rotsee. The rates of sedimentation came to 1277.4 g dry matter/m²·year in Horw Bay and to 879.3 g dry matter/m²·year in the Rotsee. The chemical analysis of sediments included the following components: total organic substance (loss on ignition), organic C, clay minerals (HCl-insoluble fraction), Ca, Mg, P, N, Fe and Mn. The Rotsee is distinguished by higher nutrient concentrations, higher rates of sedimentation (exceptions: clay minerals, Fe, to a certain extent N and Mn) and by a greater biomass of phytoplankton. The distribution and succession of selected species and groups of phytoplankton are discussed, the velocity of sinking, the degradation, the growth dynamics and the measure of trophic state are calculated. For both lakes, a phosphorus and a nitrogen balance have been drawn up. The N:P ratio continually decreases running through the nutrient cycle from the input to the storing into the bottom sediments. The intrabiocoenotic phosphorus cycle in the epilimnion is very intensive and supplies approximately two thirds of the nutrient requirements for primary production in both the Horw Bay and the Rotsee.     

天目湖沙河水库水质对流域开发与保护的响应

利用长期水质监测资料,对苏南地区天目湖沙河水库十多年来的开发与保护工作的水库水质影响情况进行了分析.结果发现:大规模放养鳙鱼等不合理的渔业开发对水库硅藻、蓝藻等浮游植物异常增殖有较大的促进作用;在营养盐处于中富营养水平下,利用不同食性鱼类的组合调控,能够较快地抑制浮游植物的异常增殖,但当浮游植物生物量下降到一定程度以后,其控制能力下降,营养盐和气候因子的影响变得更为重要;流域的旅游开发和农业开发都对水库营养盐、透明度等水质指标产生较大影响,特别是坡地大规模茶叶种植等农业开发对水库氮的影响十分明显;春季少雨等气候变化因子对水库氮等营养盐浓度影响较大,但影响是短时段的.研究表明,合理调控水库渔业养殖,控制流域农业、旅游等开发活动强度,减少农业化肥施用量,恢复和扩大湿地等流域营养盐削减途径,是沙河水库水质保护的关键,也对同类水库水质保护具有示范价值.     

鄱阳湖氮磷营养盐变化特征及潜在性富营养化评价

根据2008-10至2009-07之间4次的记录资料,阐述了鄱阳湖区氮磷营养盐的时间以及空间变化特征,并对硝氮、氨氮、磷酸盐和pH进行了相关分析,对鄱阳湖区进行了潜在性富营养化评价.结果表明:该湖区氮磷营养盐随时间和空间的不同呈现不同的变化规律,湖区水质受河流径流以及浮游植物的影响较大.在时间分布上表现出4月份的N/P比值最小,说明该季节正是浮游植物生长和繁殖最主要时期.在空间分布上表现出鄱阳湖的上游污染物浓度远小于下游污染值,湖区向出湖口浓度有增高趋势.N/P值从10月份的7.8上升至1月份的31.2,随后下降到4月份的7.4,在7月份又上升至8.9.氮磷营养盐和pH表现出不同的相关关系,如在4月份无机氮和pH的相关系数达0.5.综合各项因子的分析可以得出,潜在性富营养化评价结果是鄱阳湖在调查期间为磷污染比较严重.     

Influence of Biogenous Elements on Components of the Lake Baikal Plankton Community

Fertilization experiments in mesocosms of 1 … 2,000 1 containing up to 0.32 mg/l P and 1.7 mg/l N in summer and in winter did not show any significant changes of the hydrochemical conditions and in the bacterio-plankton. CO₂-assimilation (14-C method) is reduced by circa 10= by nutrient doses, whereas the chlorophyll concentration increases significantly due to addition of P and N at the same time in summer, a decrease taking place in winter. The different courses of development are connected with different reactions of individual species of phytoplankton.     

CO2浓度升高对浮游藻类元素化学计量值的影响

通过梅梁湾和东太湖的四季原位实验,研究CO_2浓度升高对不同营养水平淡水生态系统中浮游藻类C、N、P元素计量值的影响.实验设置了270、380和750 ppm共3个CO_2浓度,分别代表工业革命前、当前和IPCC预测的21世纪末的CO_2浓度.结果表明梅梁湾水体营养盐浓度在四季均高于东太湖水体营养盐浓度,但梅梁湾原位实验中浮游藻类C、N、P含量却普遍低于东太湖原位实验中浮游藻类营养元素含量,并且前者在季节上变化更大.CO_2浓度升高使梅梁湾原位实验中浮游藻类C∶P比明显增加,N∶P比略有增加,这种增加归因于藻细胞内C、N含量的升高,而东太湖浮游藻类化学计量值对CO_2浓度变化的响应不显著.因此浮游藻类元素化学计量值对CO_2浓度变化的响应程度与水体营养盐的绝对浓度无关,而与浮游藻类的生长是否受营养盐限制有关,只有当藻类生长受到水体营养盐浓度限制时,CO_2浓度升高才会显著改变其元素组成.     

The climate change impact on the water balance of the Curonian Lagoon

The Curonian Lagoon is the biggest fresh water basin in Lithuania influenced by the exchange of the fresh Nemunas and other smaller rivers’ water and saline water of the Baltic Sea. The lagoon ecosystem is influenced by fresh, brackish and brackish water masses. A long-term water balance of the Curonian Lagoon was calculated for the period of 1960–2009. The sum river inflow is 21.784 km³/year, precipitation—1.199 km³/year, evaporation—1.007 km³/year, inflow of brackish water from the Baltic Sea to the Curonian Lagoon—6.171 km³/year, and fresh water runoff from the Curonian Lagoon to the Baltic Sea—27.642 km³/year. The lagoon water balance elements have been influenced by climate change. The water balance forecasting has been performed for the period of 2011–2100. The climate change impact on the water balance of the Lagoon has been evaluated using Global Climate Models (ECHAM5 and HadCM3), greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A2, A1B and B1), and hydrological modelling by Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) software. One scenario was selected for the prediction of the Baltic Sea water level. Considerable changes of the Curonian Lagoon water balance are forecasted in the 21st century. Increase of weather temperature and changes in precipitation will influence the elements of water balance of the Curonian Lagoon. In the period of 2011–2100, the river inflow and outflow from the Baltic Sea into the Lagoon will decrease respectively by 20.4 and 16.6% in comparison with the baseline period (1961–1990). The amount of precipitation and evaporation will increase respectively by 3.8 and 25.1%, while inflow from the Baltic Sea into the Curonian Lagoon will increase up to 39.7% in comparison with the baseline period.     

The use of TN:TP and DIN:TP ratios as indicators for phytoplankton nutrient limitation in oligotrophic lakes affected by N deposition

The stoichiometric composition of lake water chemistry affects nutrient limitation among phytoplankton. I show how TN:TP and DIN:TP ratios vary in oligotrophic lakes of Europe and the USA affected by different amounts of N deposition, and evaluate whether the DIN:TP ratio is a better indicator than the TN:TP ratio for discriminating between N and P limitation of phytoplankton. Data were compiled from boreal and low to high alpine lakes, and comprise epilimnetic lake water chemistry data (106 lakes) and results from short-term nutrient bioassay experiments (28 lakes). A large share (54%) of the oligotrophic lakes in the study had low TN:TP mass ratios (<25). DIN:TP ratios showed higher variability than TN:TP ratios. Variability in DIN:TP ratios was related to N deposition, but also to catchment characteristics. Data from short-term bioassay experiments with separate addition of N and P showed that the DIN:TP ratio was a better indicator than the TN:TP ratio for N and P limitation of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton shift from N to P limitation when DIN:TP mass ratios increase from 1.5 to 3.4. High DIN:TP ratios, indicating P limitation of phytoplankton, were generally found in alpine lakes with low to moderate N deposition and in boreal lakes with high to very high amounts of N deposition.     

Dynamik des Phytoplanktons der Oberwarnow 1984–1986

The development of the phytoplankton was observed from 1984 to 1986 in the Warnow-River (GDR, Mecklenburg). The dominant algae throughout the year were the Bacillariophyceae with their maximum in spring (1984: 36.1 mm³/1, 1986: 32.3 mm³/1) or in autumn (1985: 48.3 mm³/1). There is not any limitation of phytoplankton by inorganic nutritation (N, P) throughout the year. The phytoplankton production was most influenced by the turbulance of water. Classification of banked-up rivers with the help of the plankton-quotients of Thunmark and Nygaard is impossible.     

Comparison of C and N stable isotope ratios between surface particulate organic matter and microphytoplankton in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean)

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of particulate organic matter (POM) in surface water and 63–200 μm-sized microphytoplankton collected at the fluorescence maximum were studied in four sites in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean), a marine area influenced by the Rhone River inputs, in May and November 2004. Some environmental (temperature, salinity) and biological (POM, Chlorophyll a and phaeopigments contents, phytoplankton biomass and composition) parameters were also analysed. Significantly different C and N isotopic signatures between surface water POM and microphytoplankton were recorded in all sites and seasons. Surface water POM presented systematically lower δ¹³C (∼4.2‰) and higher δ¹⁵N (∼2.8‰) values than those of microphytoplankton, due to a higher content of continental and detrital material. Seasonal variations were observed for all environmental and biological parameters, except salinity. Water temperature was lower in May than in November, the fluorescence maximum was located deeper and the Chlorophyll a content and the phytoplankton biomass were higher, along with low PON/Chl a ratio, corresponding to spring bloom conditions. At all sites and seasons, diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community in abundance, whereas dinoflagellate importance increased in autumn particularly in coastal sites. C and N isotopic signatures of phytoplankton did not vary with season. However, the δ¹⁵N of surface water POM was significantly higher in November than in May in all sites likely in relation to an increase in ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio of the Rhone River POM which influenced surface water in the Gulf of Lions. As it is important to determine true baseline values of primary producers for analysing marine food webs, this study demonstrated that C and N isotopic values of surface water POM cannot be used as phytoplankton proxy in coastal areas submitted to high river inputs.