面板堆石坝坝顶加速度沿坝轴线分布规律

对面板堆石坝进行三维动力反应计算分析,采用等价线性化模型以不同坝体高度、不同河谷形状为对象,研究了输入不同地震波坝体的反应。结果表明,在坝高相同、基础输入加速度不变情况下,随河谷宽度增加,坝顶坝轴线最大加速度位置由中间向两岸对称移动;对狭窄河谷,最大加速度在坝轴线中间坝顶部位,对宽阔河谷,最大加速度在靠近两岸的部位,这一结果否定了以往对宽河谷采用二维动力计算结果的做法。进而提出对高面板堆石坝,地震反应除应给出沿坝高的地震放大系数外,还应给出沿坝轴线的地震放大系数。     

Electrical resistivity imaging and dye tracer test for the estimation of water leakage paths from reservoir of Akdeğirmen Dam in Afyonkarahisar,Turkey

The seepage occurrence from the reservoir on the right bank of the Akde?irmen Dam located in Afyonkarahisar province in the Turkey has been investigated. When the reservoir began to fill with water, a large amount of water seepage occurred at the dam. The seepage developed at the base of the spillway and the right downstream slope of the dam. The various attempts have been made to reduce the seepage using grouting. Although the additional grouting operations was reduced the seepage at the base of the spillway, there has not been a reduction in seepage at the water outlet location at the downstream slope. Electrical resistivity measurements along the eight lines with the dipole–dipole array and dye tracer tests were performed in order to identify the seepage locations. The interpretation of electrical resistivity data showed the distribution of strata and the seepage zone along the right downstream of the dam. Groundwater flow rates calculated from dye tests indicated that there is an excessive seepage south-eastwardly on the downstream slope of the dam. Integrated interpretation of resistivity data and dye tests indicate that the seepage paths are in the direction from NW to E and SE.     

Interaction of a Masonry Dam and the Rock Foundation

The Urft dam is an old German gravity dam located in the Eifel near Cologne. In order to ensure its stability and for adjustment to today??s technical standards rehabilitation works were required. Two inspection galleries were excavated below the storage level by means of smooth blasting. To reduce the porewater pressure acting on the dam??s base and thus to increase the stability of the dam also the drainage system was reconstructed and improved. Because the Urft dam is curved, its load bearing behavior reveals a certain arching effect. In order to take advantage of this arch action the stability proof was carried out by means of three-dimensional analyses according to the FEM. In these analyses the interaction of dam and the foundation rock was accounted for. Explorations, laboratory and in situ testing of the masonry and the foundation rock were carried out and a monitoring program was established. The monitoring results allowed a calibration of the three-dimensional model for stability analyses by means of back analyses. On this basis the final stability proof could be conducted.     

土石坝混凝土防渗墙的非线性分析

采用Duncan-Chang E-B模型描述土的非线性特性,接触单元模拟防渗墙和土石坝之间的相互作用,利用非线性有限元程序计算了土石坝和防渗墙的应力和变形。结果表明：坝体应力状态和变形性质主要取决于坝体断面设计形式,防渗墙在一定范围内起作用;防渗墙材料不同对坝体应力与变形的影响主要由材料的刚度决定,刚性防渗墙对垂直沉降的制约作用明显;柔性防渗墙适应变形的能力强,但对位移的影响较大。对坝体稳定,刚性防渗墙的垂直变形是主要控制因素,关键部位在墙的底部;柔性防渗墙的水平位移是主要控制因素,关键部位在坝体的中下部。     

高压喷射灌浆防渗技术在水库大坝基础处理中的应用

高压喷射灌浆防渗技术是国内正在推广的一种新型防渗技术,适用范围较广。阜康市红山水库始建于70年代,当时未对坝基11.5~4.2m厚漂卵砾石层进行防渗处理。本次除险加固对坝基采用了高压喷射灌浆防渗处理,经检测防渗质量满足相关规范要求。高压喷射灌浆技术在漂卵砾石层中的成功应用,对该项技术的推广具有参考价值。     

丹江口水库大坝加高工程应力分散型预应力锚杆研制及应用

介绍了丹江口水库大坝加高改造工程中采用的应力分散型、自锁式内锚头预应力锚杆技术。项目研制了性能可靠、结构合理的专用扩孔器具和自锁式内锚头,解决了50 m深孔高精度钻孔难题。该锚固技术改善了内锚固段应力集中的不良状态,改变了普通锚杆预应力通过内锚固体与孔壁的粘结力传递到承载体上的方式,而是通过在扩孔段设置的自锁式内锚头,以压力的形式,分散直接作用于不同深度的承载体上,锚固力不会因粘结力衰减而损失,起到长期锚固的作用。     

Landslide dam failure and flood hydraulics. Part II: coupled mathematical modelling

A coupled 2D mathematical modelling study of landslide dam failure and flood is presented, complementing our experimental investigation presented in the companion paper. The model is built upon the shallow water hydrodynamic equations. The governing equations are numerically solved using the total-variation-diminishing version of the second-order weighted-average-flux method along with the HLLC (Harten, Lax and van Leer with Contact wave restored) approximate Riemann solver. Two parameters related to bed-load sediment transport and critical slope stability are calibrated using the measured stage hydrographs from two runs of the flume experiments. The calibrated model is then applied to other independent runs of the experiments featuring different inflow discharges, dam geometry, dam composition and initial breach dimensions. It is found to be able to satisfactorily reproduce the measured stage hydrographs and the widening of initial breach. The experimental observation of the prime role of the inflow discharge and initial breach in dictating the dam failure process and flood is unequivocally resolved, along with the impacts of dam geometry as well the content of cohesive clay and gravel in the dam. Interestingly, the downstream peak discharge and stage of the flood are substantially reduced by initial breach, which clearly exemplifies its role in modulating the flooding.     

The Lar Dam; an example of infrastructural development in a geologically active karstic region

The problems associated with the construction of the Lar Dam, Iran, provide a classic example of problems that can result from infrastructural development in an active geological terrain which includes the regional carbonate units. The Lar Dam lies in a heavily faulted and fractured region close to the active Damavand volcano. The fracturing has enhanced the production of karst and sinkholes in the limestone below the dam, and acidic ground-water run-off from the Damavand volcano increases the dissolution of the carbonate beds along the fractures to produce sinkholes below the dam. The initial problem of building the dam in such a region is compounded by the relationship between water loss due to enhanced sinkhole development and the remedial measures being taken to lessen this leakage. Drainage of the sub-reservoir caverns through leakage along fractures can lead to loss of hydrostatic support for the developing sub-reservoir caverns, and their consequent collapse. Furthermore, rapid changes in subterranean water levels would lead to rock-shattering hammer effects particularly during rapid rises in water level.     

水电工程坝基岩体溶蚀程度对坝体不均匀沉降影响分析

水电站坝基岩体发生溶蚀以后会对大坝的稳定性带来较大的影响,本文以工程实例为依托,利用三维数值分析技术,分析计算了坝基岩体不同溶蚀程度对坝体不均匀沉降的影响。结果表明:当坝基岩体强烈溶蚀、中等溶蚀、轻微溶蚀以后,坝顶处的最大位移分别达到10cm、5.5cm、4cm。坝基岩体溶蚀程度越高,坝体各处不均匀沉降的程度越严重。在相同的溶蚀程度下,坝踵处的不均匀沉降程度最严重,坝顶处不均匀沉降程度次之,坝趾处不均匀沉降程度相对最小。     

某水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

某拟建高为22 m的混凝土重力坝坐落于第四系冰水堆积层之上。在大坝上下游水头差的作用下,产生库水渗漏。库水的大量漏失,不但可能使大坝蓄水达不到设计高程而影响工程效益,而且,水流的渗透作用还会导致地基岩（土）体的恶化,产生渗透破坏,影响大坝本身的安全。在现场调查基础上,用数值模拟方法评价了该水库在库内设置175 m长铺盖条件下的渗漏问题,计算了水库的渗流量、大坝基底的水力坡度。因其量值较大,必须在渗流出口处采取反滤层等工程措施,给相关部门提供设计依据和决策参考。     

Landslide dam failure and flood hydraulics. Part I: experimental investigation

Landslide dam failure can trigger catastrophic flooding in the downstream. However, field observation of such flooding is rarely available, while laboratory experimental studies are sparse. The mechanism of landslide dam failure and the flood has so far remained insufficiently understood. Here, we present an experimental investigation of landslide dam failure and the flood. A total of 28 runs of experiments are carried out in a flume of 80 m × 1.2 m × 0.8 m, with differing inflow discharge, dam composition, dam geometry, and initial breach dimension. An array of twelve automatic water-level probes is deployed to measure the stage hydrographs along the flume, and the video recording of the dam failure processes facilitates an estimation of the widening of initial breach. Under the present experimental conditions with dams composed of homogeneous materials, landslide dam failure is primarily caused by erosion of overtopping flow, and lateral mass collapse is also considerable during the cause of breach widening. Cohesive clay may act to mitigate the seepage through the dam and thus its subsidence and appreciably modulate the dam failure process and the flood. However, the impacts of clay may be readily overwhelmed by a large inflow discharge and initial breach. Gravels in the dam may appreciably depress the rate of the dam failure process and thus modify the flood. The present work provides new experimental data set for testing mathematical models of the flood flow due to landslide dam failure.     

吴岭水库枢纽工程渗流分析

对湖北省京山县吴岭水库枢纽工程中土坝剖面进行了有限元渗流计算，分析了大坝基础部位的残坡积土和强风化砂岩的强透水性以及下游排水体对于大坝渗流场的影响，指出现有坝体断面设计的不合理是导致大坝下游坡面散浸的原因，为大坝的工程处理提供了依据，也为今后土坝设计提供了借鉴。     

某水利枢纽厂房基坑开挖渗透变形评估

在对渗流评估方法进行一定探讨的基础上,对某水利枢纽工程坝址区厂房基坑开挖进行了渗透变形评估。结果表明,在坝轴线方向上,无防渗墙时坡面土体在渗透力的作用下是不稳定的,有防渗墙时坡面水力坡降降到0.05以下。在砂卵砾石层与基岩的交界处仍存在略大的水力坡降（值为0.56）,如有水在细砂层、砾质中粗砂层渗出,则有可能出现渗流失稳,但总的说来由于防渗墙使水力坡降已降到很小,出现流土和管涌失稳的可能性不大。     

小型土石坝加密抗液化离心机振动台试验研究

地震作用下土石坝液化易导致坝坡失稳滑移等严重后果,加密法是常用的抗液化手段之一。针对坝趾压重与坝壳翻压两种坝身加密加固方法,开展了离心机振动台试验,分析了不同加密型抗液化处理的小型土石坝坝坡地震响应规律。试验结果表明,由于高水头作用下坝坡底部土体软化,未处理坝坡加速度放大系数沿高程先减小后增大,而加密坝坡加速度放大系数沿高程逐渐增大,且坝坡表面处加速度存在表面放大现象。坝趾压重和坝壳翻压提高了坝身有效应力,降低地震产生的超静孔压比,有效防止土体液化。未处理坝坡在峰值加速度为0.24g地震作用下即发生坝趾液化现象,而加密坝坡在峰值加速度为0.24g和0.45g下均未发生液化。未处理坝坡整体侧向位移大,加密处理后,在峰值加速度为0.24g下坝坡整体表现为竖向位移。坝趾压重区坝趾水平位移明显减小,坝壳翻压区坡顶沉降减小了50%。试验结果验证了坝趾压重和坝壳翻压的抗液化效果,为小型土石坝抗震加固设计提供了参考。     

Darcian flow under/through a leaky cutoff wall: Terzaghi–Anderson's seepage problem revisited

An analytical solution is obtained for 2‐D steady Darcian flow under and through a cutoff wall partially obstructing a homogeneous isotropic foundation of a dam. The wall is leaky; that is, flow across it depends on the ratio of hydraulic conductivity of the wall and the wall thickness that results in the third‐type (Robin) boundary condition along the wall, as compared with the Terzaghi problem for an impermeable wall. The Laplace equation for the hydraulic head is meshlessly solved in a non‐standard flow tube. A Fredholm equation of the second kind is obtained for the intensity of leakage across the wall. The equation is tackled numerically, by adjusted successive iterations. Flow characteristics (total Darcian discharge and its components through the wall and the window between the wall top and horizontal bedrock, stream function, head distribution, and Darcian velocity along the wall and tailwater bed) are obtained for various conductivity ratios, head drops across the structure, thicknesses of the foundation, and the degree of its blockage by the wall. Comparisons with the Terzaghi limit of an impermeable wall show that for common wall materials and thicknesses, the leakage may constitute tens of percent of the discharge under the dam. The through‐flow hydraulic gradients on a vertical wall face (Robin's boundary condition) as well as the exit gradients along a horizontal tailwater boundary (Dirichlet's boundary condition) acting for decades have deleterious impacts on dam stability because of potential heaving, piping, and mechanical–chemical suffusion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲤鱼潭大坝在集集地震中的变形分析

鲤鱼潭黏土心墙堆石坝在台湾“9•21”集集地震中有一定的变形损伤。为了研究大坝的地震破坏机制,分析了大坝的永久位移分布规律,同时采用有限元数据平滑方法,对大坝位移监测数据进行处理,得到了大坝的永久应变场。结果表明,大坝在强震作用下永久变形指向坝内,坝体体积整体收缩;由于反滤料孔隙水压力上升,有效应力降低,在上游坝体在反滤层附近出现拉应变;在两岸坝肩与基岩交界部位存在拉应变,易造成拉伸裂缝。     

堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程溃口纵向下切与溯源

为进一步了解堰塞坝溃坝过程,开展了9组水槽模型试验,对溃口纵向下切和溯源发展过程进行了系统分析,并讨论了上溯源点移动速度与溃口水深之间的关系。研究发现：非黏性堰塞坝溃坝过程中,冲刷面与底床的夹角时刻发生变化,上、下溯源点位置不固定但也不能完全发展到坝踵;上、下坡面坡度增大到最大值1：1.5时,下溯源点到下游坝趾的最大距离与坝体沿水流方向长度的比值（x_p^*/x_d^*,反映下溯源点最终相对位置）对应降低到最小值0.24和0.18;坝体相对尺寸从1减小到1/2时,x_p^*/x_d^*值从0.38增大到0.47。上溯源点的无量纲移动速度是不断变化的,在无量纲时刻为0.13时,其x,y分量分别达到峰值0.94和0.32;上溯源点处溃口水深出现时刻相对移动速度峰值点出现时刻有延迟,大概延迟0.04个无量纲时间。     

大型直剪与小型直剪对软弱夹层强度试验参数取值关系的研究

岩体中软弱夹层是控制岩体稳定的重要边界条件。准确、合理的选取其力学参数对大坝建基面的选取及未来坝基抗滑稳定性具有重大意义。对于深部难以取得大量试样的软弱夹层的工程地质性质的评价, 通过室内小型直剪获得的抗剪强度试验参数,然后再根据小剪和大剪之间的关系进行修正, 确定软弱夹层的抗剪强度参数,具有显著的经济价值和工程意义。     

雅砻江谷底卸荷松弛现象与深厚覆盖层特征

雅砻江河床覆盖层厚度多在30m以上,最厚可达51.6m。覆盖层横向上厚度变化较大,纵向上可明显分为3层,上、下部以正常河流相为主,厚度较薄;中部以洪积、崩积、坡积、湖泊沉积堆积与冲积混合堆积为主的加积序列,厚度相对较大。在谷底基岩面以下,岩体通常存在20m厚左右的卸荷松弛带,弱风化,具有透水性好,岩体完整性较差,工程力学性状差等特征,其潜在的工程效应是坝基渗漏。覆盖层深厚是第二层加积序列所致,谷底形成时间长,以致谷底有足够的时间卸荷松弛和风化。     

Influence of shear zones on the mechanism of stability of the foundations of Beas Dam,India

A case study of an earth dam under construction in the Siwalik sedimentary rocks in North India is presented. The dam site is located in a seismically active zone. The shear zones incorporated in the rocks during folding control the stability of the dam foundations. Because the shear zones crop out in the river bed at different locations along the dam axis, the dam foundation is comprised of discrete blocks of varying resistance. The mechanism of stability is greatly influenced by the disposition of shear zones and the relevant analysis is three dimensional.