应用微重力测量进行地基条件调查

在美国阿拉巴马福罗伦斯的威尔森坝水电站的上下游调度场开展了微重力调查,调查的目的是探测调度场地下空洞或影响调度场地基稳定的异常情况。上下游各有３４７和２８８个重力测点。根据剩余重力图圈定调度场地区有意义的异常范围。将测量结果按重要性分类,用以指导异常源调查的钻探工作。负异常区作为优先打钻的位置,因为负异常可能由空洞或将要形成空洞的低密度地带引起。其他钻孔打在正异常区作验证之用。钻探的结果与空洞和可     

受空洞坍塌影响的加筋路基研究综述

工程上常利用水平加筋法来预防或延迟因受交通荷载和地下水等因素导致空洞坍塌而引起的临近道路的突发性破坏,起到破坏预警作用;但加筋体界面特性与作用机制相当复杂,下伏空洞加筋路基缺少完善的设计方法。通过总结国内外已有文献的研究成果,重点阐述了受空洞坍塌影响的加筋路基-路堤力学机制与作用机制,包括对路堤填土滑移面的定义、层间土拱效应、加筋体拉膜效应、塌陷区上覆填土膨胀、锚固区筋土界面摩擦及过渡区加筋体张拉力折减等方面;总结了空洞区加筋路基已有的设计方法,并进行了对比与讨论。结果表明,已有成果对受空洞坍塌影响的加筋路基-路堤荷载传递机制、渐进性破坏演变机制、沉降计算、极限承载力与稳定性问题等方面的研究仍显不足,针对加筋体上方荷载分布形式仍未形成定论,现有设计方法过于保守,并指明了进一步的研究建议,可为今后研究提供方向和参考。     

空洞上方浅基础地基破坏模式与极限承载力分析

利用极限分析上限法求解地基极限承载力问题的关键在于构造合适的破坏模式。当地基下方存在空洞时,地基的破坏模式变得相当复杂。通过分析空洞存在时地基的受力特点及破坏形态,将地基破坏范围划分成为不同的刚性区和过渡区,构造了空洞上方条形基础地基的破坏模式。利用上限法,建立与破坏模式对应的速度场,推导了破坏模式不同区域内的耗散功率和外力功率,得到地基极限承载力的目标函数,并采用数学优化方法进行求解,获得了极限承载力的上限解。通过算例分析,讨论了空洞顶板厚度、空洞大小与地基极限承载力的关系,并与无空洞条件下地基极限承载力进行对比分析。结果表明,随着空洞顶板厚度增加,地基极限承载力增加,破坏模式也由地基与空洞之间扩散到地基两侧;空洞顶板厚度存在临界值,当超过此临界值时,空洞对地基极限承载力的影响可忽略。     

辽宁省凤城市某岩溶地面塌陷工程勘查及其致灾机理分析

以辽宁省凤城市某矿业公司岩溶地面塌陷勘查工程为例,从矿区岩溶塌陷的地质背景入手,总结岩溶地面塌陷的致灾机理。通过地质调查、资料整理及钻探验证结果进行分析,结果表明,勘查区地质环境条件复杂;塌陷区具有分布空间形态复杂、不均一化的特点;该区岩溶塌陷形成条件是各种不良要素的共同作用;塌陷坑T1和塌陷坑T2形成原因主要为覆盖型岩溶区;塌陷坑T3和塌陷坑T4浅部10~25 m地层破碎,推测塌陷坑T3及塌陷坑T4为贯通塌陷坑。     

不同地形特征下的TLS点云空洞修补精度分析

点云空洞修补是三维激光扫描(Terrestrial Laser Scanning,TLS)技术运用于山地测绘中的一个重要数据处理环节。本文构建了一套基于山谷、山脊和河滩三种地形特征的针对山地测绘的TLS点云空洞修补精度分析方法。并对Geomagic Studio提供的修补算法对不同地形特征下点云空洞中的修补精度进行评价。此外,还通过对比分析实验证明了点云空洞范围内地形特征线的位置与空洞的修补效果之间有密切联系。这为山地区域地面点云空洞修补方法的精度评价提供了一种新的方法。该方法也可以在后期针对复杂地形的点云空洞算法的研究中作为精度验证与评价的方法之一。     

隧道衬砌空洞探地雷达三维探测模型试验研究

从理论上论证了探地雷达探测时模型边界对数据采集的影响,并以此为依据设计了隧道衬砌内空洞的物理模型,对模型进行了三维探测,实现了探地雷达三维探测数据的可视化;分析了方形空洞在不同显示剖面上的图谱特征,在分析CL4多小波理论的基础上,探讨了多小波预处理的必要性及对CL4多小波进行了平衡化处理,运用Matlab编程实现了CL4平衡多小波阈值滤波算法,并与传统的基于傅立叶变换基础上的滤波效果进行比较。试验和滤波对比结果表明,三维探测能确定空洞大小、形态和位置,更加全面而细致地了解空洞的准确信息,提高雷达探测图谱解释的可靠性和准确性,并可根据缺陷的分布位置及大小评估衬砌内空洞病害的危害程度。常规滤波和CL4平衡多小波滤波均可清晰地分辨出异常目标,但经多小波变换后目标特征得到了加强,同相轴更加清晰,噪声去除更彻底,信号保留更完整,图像变得更“干净”。三维探测的实现为隧道衬砌检测自动识别技术提供了可靠的理论依据和方法,对隧道质量检测工程及质量司法鉴定具有重要的意义     

等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在城市浅层空洞探测中的应用

快速高效地查明城市中引起地面塌陷的隐患,对于城市建设、灾害防护及保护人民财产具有重要意义。将城市浅层地面塌陷归纳为3类：溶蚀作用造成的空洞塌陷、无序抽排地下水造成的土洞塌陷以及人防工程老旧空洞塌陷,通过正演计算,研究分析了3类空洞地质模型的等值反磁通瞬变电磁响应规律,以及各模型分别在高阻和低阻覆盖层下的衰减曲线的变化特征;利用岩石的瞬变电磁响应变化率分析了各类空洞地质模型的电性特征。正演结果表明：溶蚀空洞模型和土洞模型与围岩相比呈低阻特性,人防空洞模型呈高阻特性;3种模型的瞬变电磁响应变化率表明等值反磁通技术对各类空洞隐患均具有较好的识别能力。将等值反磁通瞬变电磁法应用于昆明、郑州等地的3类空洞探测,结果证明该方法对城市浅部空洞探测是行之有效的。     

广州市内环路某工程桩底空洞处理方案

本文主要介绍了广州市内环路放射线增槎路工程ZB6桩底空洞处理方案的确定、施工及效果检测。     

钢管混凝土叠合柱弹性波CT空洞与脱空缺陷检测分析

钢管混凝土叠合柱是在钢筋混凝土柱中部设置钢管混凝土的一种叠合构件,其缺陷检测已是工程检测领域面临的重要问题。弹性波CT技术是一种发展迅速的工程无损检测技术,能够直观、准确地显示出物体的内部缺陷。针对影响叠合柱性能的空洞与脱空缺陷,探索了弹性波CT无损检测技术,设计了带空洞素混凝土柱、带空洞叠合柱、带脱空叠合柱三个试件,并开展了叠合柱弹性波CT缺陷检测试验。研究结果表明,弹性波CT能够有效地检测叠合柱的空洞与脱空缺陷,填补了叠合柱缺陷检测领域的空白。     

高密度电法与地质雷达组合探测废弃老煤窑巷道及采空区

采用高密度电法与地质雷达组合方式对某拟建工程场地进行了探测,以揭露巷道为突破口,在分析巷道及采空区物质构成及空间形态的基础上,将老煤窑巷道或采空区等效为半充填型空洞(洞穴)目标体,并分析了地球物理响应特征,结果显示：地球物理异常辨识标志明显,即高密度电法为上下相邻的高低阻圈闭异常,高低阻分界对应巷道或采空区底板,高密度电法低阻异常区(坍塌填充区)对应地质雷达多次强反射区,而高阻异常区(空洞区)地质雷达则反射不强或无反射;后期钻探证实了该推断,对物探人员开展类似工作有实际指导意义。     

莫拉克台风暴雨移置香港地区的PMP分析研究

基于台湾66个站点年最大日雨量历史资料、台湾中央气象局2009年8月8~10日莫拉克台风暴雨期间251个台湾雨量站逐时降雨资料和香港地区65个雨量站的历史逐时降雨资料,以及与香港相邻的3个广东省雨量站(西沥站、横岗站和深圳站)资料,利用分时段地形增强因子法(SDOIF),将莫拉克台风暴雨最大24h实测暴雨中的辐合雨分量分割,并将其辐合雨成分移置到香港地区,与香港地区24h平均地形增强因子相结合,估算出香港地区的可能最大降水。结果显示,莫拉克最大24h降雨量中地形的增强幅度约为45%;得出香港地区最大24h平均可能最大降水分布图,其最大中心值1230.2mm(未考虑水汽放大),与香港地区历史暴雨中心一致,均发生在大帽山附近。     

五千年来珠江口两岸沉积差异及其对香港城市和基础设施规划的影响

珠江口伶仃洋两岸5000年来沉积差异显著。西岸沉积了数千平方公里的三角洲平原,却失去了所有深水良港;而东岸的香港海岸,则长期处于侵蚀状态,保留了曲折的海岸和陡峻的水下岸坡,形成众多的深水港湾。以上差异对香港城市发展有深远影响。文章提出城港关系演变的3个阶段。香港高度发达的商业中心和现代化港口的各种功能系统在最狭小的空间里交叠在一起,带来城市发展的一系列问题。最后对今后50年香港城市发展进行情景分析。从持续发展的角度,指出计划的大屿山新港址有严重的策略选择问题。提出未来香港都市向大屿山东北扩展的策略选择。     

Inspection and stabilisation of the Mid-levels cliffs, Hong Kong

Since 1976 the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of the Hong Kong Government has had a landslip preventive measures (LPM) programme under which man-made features comprising cut slopes, fill slopes and retaining walls are investigated in priority order and upgraded to modern safety standards where necessary. During 1991–1992 the programme included work to improve the stability of selected rock outcrops and very large boulders on a natural cliff face in the Mid-levels area of Hong Kong Island. This unusual site, with a near-vertical often densely vegetated terrain, posed a number of design and contractual challenges which had to be tackled in a limited time frame due to the climatic conditions prevalent in Hong Kong. Detailed aerial and ground inspections were made, and the need for improvement work determined. Contract tendering took place, and a contract to carry out improvement work was let. Work was completed in mid-1992 at a cost of HK$2.5 million.     

High-precision geochronology of Mesozoic magmatism in Macao,Southeast China:Evidence for multistage granite emplacement

Six new high precision U-Pb zircon ID-TIMS ages plus thirteen in situ high spatial resolution U-Pb zircon LA-MC-ICPMS ages are reported from Jurassic plutonic(metaluminous to weakly peraluminous biotite granites)and Jurassic to Cretaceous hypabyssal(dacites)rocks from Macao.Despite its relatively small area(~30 km^2),the new ages tightly constrain the Macao granitic magmatism to two periods ranging from 164.5±0.6 Ma to 162.9±0.7 Ma and 156.6±0.2 Ma to 155.5±0.8 Ma,separated by ca.6 Ma.Inherited zircons point to the existence of a basement with ages up to Paleo-Proterozoic and late Archean in the region.In addition,younger dacitic rocks were dated at 150.6±0.6 Ma and<120 Ma.U-Pb zircon ages and whole-rock REE data of Macao granites indicate that the first pulse is also represented in Hong Kong and Southeast(SE)China,while magmatism with the chemical characteristics of the second pulse seems to not be represented outside Macao.The two granitic magmatic pulses have distinct mineralogical and geochemical features that support their discrete nature rather than a continuum of comagmatic activity and suggest that the Macao granitic suite was incrementally assembled during a period of ca.9 Ma,a hypothesis also extendable to the neighboring Hong Kong region for a time lapse of ca.24 Ma.In Macao,the transition from granitic magmatism(Middle to Upper Jurassic)to the younger dacite dykes(Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous)most likely corresponds to a change in the regional tectonic setting,from an extensional regime related with foundering of the subducting paleoPacific plate during the Early Yanshanian period to the reestablishment of a normal subduction system in SE China during the Late Yanshanian period.     

Confined groundwater near the rockhead in igneous rocks in the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong, China

It is customary in Hong Kong to assume that the hydraulic conductivity of weathered igneous rocks decreases with depth or as the rock mass becomes less weathered. Such a hydraulic conductivity pattern can only lead to an unconfined aquifer. This paper presents a case study in the regions in and around the Mid-Levels area in Hong Kong regarding a possible relatively high hydraulic conductivity (K) zone and confined groundwater along the rockhead. The Mid-Levels area is located at the lower part of the north-facing slopes of Victoria Peak on Hong Kong Island and is prone to landslides. Although this site has a long history of geotechnical studies because of extensive urban development along the coast and public concern on slope stability, hydrogeology of the site remains poorly understood. This paper reexamined the hydraulic conductivity data in 7 boreholes conducted in the 1970s and found that 4 of them indicate an increase in K at the rockhead. Groundwater conditions revealed by tunnel construction at the coast suggest that K close to the rockhead is about 10 times greater than above rockhead. A careful analysis of storm response of a piezometer group with tips in different depths indicates that there was an upward flow from the bedrock to the colluvium. A field study of two overflow standpipes conducted by the authors showed that the water level can be 0.64 and 3.73 m above the ground surface, which illustrates that the deep groundwater is significantly artesian. A search of the archived site investigation reports from the government and private companies has led to an identification of about 24 sites with overflow boreholes, which suggests that overflow phenomenon is quite common in the study area. The paper then concludes that in the study area there is a relatively high K zone along the rockhead and the groundwater in the zone is confined. It is recommended that geotechnical engineers should carry out a more careful field study on an overflow borehole because such a borehole indicates a confined groundwater condition important for slope stability study and foundation design.     

香港地区地震风险评价和设防区划

香港地区隶属于中国板内地震区中的东南沿海块缘地震带。港-九块体为晚中生代至早第三纪以来以持续稳定上升为主的块体, 块体活动性明显地低于其周边相对下沉的中新生代盆地。为此, 赋予港-九块体为最大可信震级M=5.5级潜在震源区, 而其周边中新生代断陷盆地则为最大可信震级M6.0潜在震源。从大陆地震构造成因的环境、潜在震源可信震级范围M=5.0～7.5和近源地震动饱和等三个方面的可比性, 结合中国大陆地震震源破裂尺度和地震烈度影响场, 所建立的反映中国地震构造和震源破裂及地震烈度影响场特点的PGA和反应谱地震动衰减预测关系式可用于香港地区。以50%概率时的中值对中国强震记录的对比, 本研究所提供的经验期望预测关系式, 能包络实际的资料。因此, 用此地震动衰减预测模式对香港地区地震危险性进行评估, 将会得到相对保守地震动预测值。通过香港地区基岩地震动危险性分析和计算, 参照中国大陆地震设防标准, 进行了基岩设计参数确定和区划。以年概率P=0.02、P=0.002、P=0.0004三个概率标准, 对应的地震动重复周期大约分别约为50a, 500a, 2500a的基岩PGA和反应谱, 作为香港地区基岩上构筑物和建筑物可选的基     

佛山地铁塌陷InSAR时序监测及机理分析

2018年2月7日,位于广东省佛山市禅城区的地铁2号线在盾构施工中发生塌陷事故,造成11人死亡、1人失踪、8人受伤,直接经济损失超过5000万元。为深入分析此次事故成因,本文基于自2017年3月~2019年1月期间的56景Sentinel-1A数据,利用SBAS-InSAR技术获取了研究区的时空形变信息。结果发现塌陷区及其附近区域在监测期间存在持续的地面沉降,形变速率达到30 mm·a-1以上。通过对事发地的实地调查和形变特征分析,并结合当地地质资料推测了塌陷形成的机理:供水管道下方的软土存在不均匀沉降,使水管产生裂缝导致管道内水外渗,进而致使还未达到胶装凝固点的管片产生裂缝,最终引起隧道和地面坍塌。研究结果可以为今后盾构施工中塌陷的监测和预警工作提供理论依据。     

Regional and local factors in attenuation modelling: Hong Kong case study

Seismic attenuation behaviour is controlled by a large number of wave modification mechanisms. The characteristics of some of these mechanisms are specific to a local area, whilst the remainder can be generalised to the entire seismic region. Factors representing these mechanisms are often not resolved. A new attenuation modelling approach is demonstrated in this paper (using Hong Kong as a case study), to evaluate individual regional and local wave modification factors. Shear wave velocity (SWV) information for the four prevalent geological formations found in Hong Kong was first obtained: (a) at shallow depths from instrumented boreholes; (b) at depths of up to 100–200 m from measurements using the Microtremor SPatial Auto-Correlation (SPAC) technique; (c) at depths of up to 1.5 km from the monitoring of quarry blasts; and (d) at depths from 1.5 to 8 km in the hard basement rock layers from results of seismological refraction surveys. The upper-crust amplification factor calculated from the four modelled rock SWV profiles was then combined with predicted attenuation parameters to determine the upper-crust modification factor (filter function) incorporating the local wave modification characteristics associated with Hong Kong geological formations. Such functions may then be combined with the regional attenuation characteristics in that part of the South China region. A seismic attenuation model was developed by combining the upper-crust modification factor with the regional source function of intra-plate earthquakes, based on stochastic simulations. The ground shaking model developed from the presented methodology is supported by the comparison with macro-seismic data of seven historical earthquake events affecting Hong Kong.     

Anthropogenic influences on Hong Kong streams

The Hong Kong countryside has experienced centuries of intense human impact, and none of the native climax forest remains. Anthropogenic influences upon Hong Kong freshwaters reflect, on the one hand, pollution and degradation of rivers and wetlands as a consequence of urbanization of rural lowlands. On the other hand, the need to preserve pristine catchments for the supply of water for human consumption has ensured the protection of upland streams which are typically unpolluted. Hong Kong has no natural lakes, limited ground-water reserves, and marked seasonal and inter-year rainfall variation. Most upland streams are impounded, and water is transferred from them into reservoirs by underground tunnels. Hong Kong's 17 reservoirs collect insufficient water from local catchments to meet the territory's needs. To satisfy the shortfall, large amounts of water (1.1 billion m³ in 1994) are piped each year from the Dongjiang (a tributary of the Zhujiang or Pearl River) in Guangdong Province (southern China) into reservoirs in Hong Kong where it mixes with water from local streams. The natural seasonality of flow in Hong Kong streams is heightened by aggressive water extraction during the dry season. No consideration is given to maintenance of the minimum in-stream flows necessary to conserve ecosystem integrity below extraction points and, in extreme cases, surface flow ceases during the dry season. Water extraction also causes dry-season increases in pollution load as flows are reduced and the ability of streams to dilute pollution is diminished. The cumulative impact of such modifications is severe, and lowland freshwaters now support a depauperate flora and fauna of adaptable generalists, including a significant proportion of exotic or alien species.     

Field investigation of erosion resistance of common grass species for soil bioengineering in Hong Kong

Grass cover is considered as a sustainable means of controlling soil erosion and enhancing durability of soil slopes. A number of grass species are commonly available for soil bioengineering in Hong Kong, but their capacities to control soil erosion have not been characterized quantitatively. The main objectives of this paper are to study the influence of soil density on characteristics of grass roots, to measure the erodibility parameters of the root-permeated soils at two growth stages, and to select the proper Hong Kong grass species that effectively control soil erosion. Three types of Hong Kong turf grass including Cynodon Dactylon, Paspalum Notatum, and Zoysia Matrella were planted on three soil grounds with degrees of compaction of 80, 90, and 100 %, respectively. The featural parameters of grass roots on each compacted ground, including root mass density, root volume density, and root depth, were measured in two growth stages. A jet index apparatus was applied to measure two erodibility properties (i.e., coefficient of erodibility and critical shear stress) of these vegetated soils in the two test stages. Cynodon Dactylon and Zoysia Matrella have higher root mass density values than Paspalum Notatum does, and reduce the susceptibility of soil erosion more effectively. Therefore, the two grass species are suggested for soil bioengineering in Hong Kong.