山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组碳酸盐岩沉积相的特征及其意义

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组发育7层灰岩,从下到上依次为半沟灰岩、吴家峪灰岩、庙沟灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩.通过详细的野外观测和室内镜下薄片研究,确定了各层灰岩的沉积相类型,恢复了当时的沉积环境和各层灰岩沉积时相对水体深度的变化.其中庙沟灰岩属中缓坡相沉积,吴家峪灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩均属浅缓坡相沉积,半沟灰岩属后缓坡相沉积.7层灰岩的相对水体深度关系为:庙沟灰岩＞斜道灰岩＞东大窑灰岩＞下毛儿沟灰岩＞上毛儿沟灰岩＞吴家峪灰岩＞半沟灰岩.在太原组内识别出6次沉积间断、7次小型沉积旋回,总体构成2次明显的相对海平面升降旋回.     

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组碳酸盐岩沉积相的特征及其意义

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组发育7层灰岩,从下到上依次为半沟灰岩、吴家峪灰岩、庙沟灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩。通过详细的野外观测和室内镜下薄片研究,确定了各层灰岩的沉积相类型,恢复了当时的沉积环境和各层灰岩沉积时相对水体深度的变化。其中庙沟灰岩属中缓坡相沉积,吴家峪灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩均属浅缓坡相沉积,半沟灰岩属后缓坡相沉积。7层灰岩的相对水体深度关系为:庙沟灰岩>斜道灰岩>东大窑灰岩>下毛儿沟灰岩>上毛儿沟灰岩>吴家峪灰岩>半沟灰岩。在太原组内识别出6次沉积间断、7次小型沉积旋回,总体构成2次明显的相对海平面升降旋回。     

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组碳酸盐岩沉积相的特征及其意义

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组发育7层灰岩，从下到上依次为半沟灰岩、吴家峪灰岩、庙沟灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩。通过详细的野外观测和室内镜下薄片研究，确定了各层灰岩的沉积相类型，恢复了当时的沉积环境和各层灰岩沉积时相对水体深度的变化，其中庙沟灰岩属中缓坡相沉积，吴家峪灰岩、下毛儿沟灰岩、上毛儿沟灰岩、斜道灰岩和东大窑灰岩均属浅缓坡相沉积，半沟灰岩属后缓坡相沉积。7层灰岩的相对水体深度关系为：庙沟灰岩〉斜道灰岩〉东大窑灰岩〉下毛儿沟灰岩〉上毛儿沟灰岩〉吴家峪灰岩〉半沟灰岩。在太原组内识别出6次沉积间断、7次小型沉积旋回，总体构成2次明显的相对海平面升降旋回。     

中国东南部碳酸盐地层中的缝合线构造

缝合线构造在碳酸盐地层中发育是极为普遍的,如在宁镇山脉奥陶纪仑山灰岩、中石炭纪黄龙灰岩、上石炭纪船山灰岩、下二迭纪栖霞灰岩及下三迭纪青龙灰岩、浙西皖南一带寒武纪灰岩、杭州石炭二迭纪灰岩、赣南湘南泥盆纪、石炭二迭纪及下三迭纪灰岩、桂林附近泥盆纪、石炭纪灰岩等地层中几乎都有缝合线的发育(参看图版Ⅰ及图版Ⅱ)。发育     

论臭灰岩(Swine Limestone)

<正> 臭灰岩(Swine Limestone)一名是李四光1931年创立的。他将南京山(宁镇山脉)的栖霞石灰岩分为三层,下部称船山灰岩,中部名为臭灰岩,上部为栖霞灰岩(狭义)。臭灰岩在镇江船山最为发育,它的岩性为黑色富含沥青质、具臭味的灰岩,锤击之有刺激性的气味,燧石很少成层。臭灰岩下部呈薄层状,向上逐渐变厚。腕足类长身贝在一些层位富     

示踪试验在探查灰岩含水层突水通道中应用

为了查明新庄孜煤矿63301工作面1组煤层底板灰岩含水层的突水通道,分别从太原组灰岩、奥陶系灰岩含水层投放NaCl示踪剂,寒武系灰岩含水层观测孔投放KI示踪剂,在工作面突水点间隔采集样品。经测试分析其浓度随时间变化关系曲线发现:底板太原组灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道和一条大通道,奥陶系灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道,而寒武系灰岩含水层存在2条通道,在不同灰岩含水层通道中,水流速度存在较大差异性,反映了其岩溶裂隙发育非均匀性特点。此外,利用本次突水资料,计算灰岩含水层的参数。为工作面底板太原组灰岩水害治理提供依据。      

浙江长兴“金钉子”灰岩Re Os富集机制研究

通过对浙江长兴煤山D剖面二叠—三叠"金钉子"灰岩样品Re-Os同位素、主微量元素和有机碳测定,对不同层位灰岩的沉积环境进行了判别。通过分析灰岩主微量元素、有机碳与Re、Os含量的相关性,探索性地研究了灰岩中Re、Os富集机制。研究发现,灰岩中Re、Os的富集主要受氧化还原作用影响,Re只有在还原环境下,才会被灰岩中的有机物富集,此时灰岩中Re含量较高,适用于Re-Os同位素定年,而Re在氧化环境下很难被灰岩中有机质富集。Os在还原环境下同样被有机质富集,但氧化环境下,部分Os也可以被灰岩地层中含铁、铜等自生矿物吸附富集,含铁、铜等自生矿物Os同位素比值可以代表沉积时海水Os同位素特征。Re、Os在灰岩中的富集机制研究对于将Re-Os同位素应用于灰岩地层精确定年及古环境示踪具有重要意义。Re、Os在不同氧化还原条件下的富集差异导致了还原环境沉积的灰岩中187 Re/188 Os要大于氧化环境灰岩中187 Re/188 Os,灰岩中187 Re/188 Os变化对研究古海洋沉积氧化还原环境可能具有一定指示意义。     

基于应力-应变曲线的礁灰岩脆性特征评价

脆性是岩石类材料的重要性质。针对南海某岛礁在某深度范围内的珊瑚格架灰岩、砾块灰岩、砾屑灰岩及砂屑灰岩的钻孔芯样,开展室内物理性质测试及压缩试验。研究表明,礁灰岩的物理力学性质与其沉积组构和成岩作用密切相关;基于峰后应力降的相对大小和绝对速率的脆性指标计算方法能够反映礁灰岩的破坏特征;围压对礁灰岩的脆性指标影响显著,随着围压的增大,试样的脆性指标呈现趋势性降低;单轴压缩条件下,低孔隙率的砂屑灰岩脆性指标与水泥砂浆类似,同时高于格架灰岩及砾块灰岩;随着孔隙率的增大,砂屑灰岩和砾屑灰岩的脆性指标减小,饱和单轴抗压强度也与孔隙率呈负相关关系。     

江苏宁镇山脉仑山灰岩的新认识

“仑山灰岩”标准地点在江苏南部句容县的仑山。1933年,俞建章在研究“仑山灰岩”中的头足类动物群时,曾指出:“仑山灰岩”的时代应属于早、中奥陶世。1935年,李捷等在系统研究宁镇山脉地质时,对“仑山灰岩”重新进行划分,把上部含鞘角石(Vaginoceras)动物群的灰岩归入中奥陶统,称汤山灰岩。     

灰岩渗透性参数的模糊综合评判方法

针对钻孔较少的灰岩分布区渗透系数的难确定性,结合实例,在分析影响灰岩渗透性因素的基础上,提出了构建评判灰岩渗透性参数的因子集和评判集;然后用模糊综合评判方法确定灰岩渗透系数。     

论震积作用和震积岩

地震是一种灾害性的地质事件。地震及其引发的海啸、重力流可以形成震积岩、海啸岩和震浊积岩。在地震过程中,震积作用可以形成特殊的构造标志(地震断裂层、地裂缝、微同沉积断裂、微褶皱纹理、重力断层等)、沉积和成岩标志(砂岩脉、泥岩脉、泥晶脉,即磨牙(molar tooth)构造、枕状层、砂火山、泥火山、同沉积变形构造、丘状层理等)。地震沉积组合包括原地震积岩(A,包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩、内碎屑副角砾岩等)、海啸岩(B,由具丘状层理、平行层理的碎屑岩或内碎屑灰岩组成)、震浊积岩(C,由具块状层理、递变层理或玻马序列的粗碎屑岩或碎屑灰岩组成)及背景沉积(D)4个单元,它们组合成A-B-C-D、A-B-D、A-C-D、A-D、B-D、C-D等6种类型的沉积序列。     

Investigation of large-scale washover of a small barrier system on the southeast Australian coast using ground penetrating radar

Prehistoric depositional signatures for large-scale washover involving marine inundation events such as storms and tsunami have been the subject of considerable research over the last 15 years. Much of this research has focused on the identification of sandsheets in back-barrier environments as depositional records for extreme washover events. All these deposits must have a sediment source and, by their nature, the most likely source of sediment for washover into back-barrier environments is the barrier itself. This study identifies an erosional signature for large-scale washover from a small coastal barrier on the southeast Australian coast. A distinct lens of marine sand, up to 90 cm thick, confined vertically by peat, is found in the upper fill of a closed freshwater back-barrier lagoon sequence. This sand lens is attributed to a large-scale washover event during the last 800 years, and was possibly deposited by a tsunami. The hypothesis for this study was that any event that breached the dune system must have caused considerable geomorphic change to the dunes and hence may have left an erosional signature. Ground penetrating radar transects of the system show an erosional contact between a series of truncated pre-event dunes and several small overlying post-event dunes. This study outlines a relatively simple non-invasive method for the identification of an erosional signature for prehistoric large-scale washovers caused by storm surge, exceptionally large waves, or tsunami.     

松科1井南孔白垩系青山口组一段沉积序列精细描述:岩石地层、沉积相与旋回地层

中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔连续取青山口组一段岩心81.41m,收获率为100%。青一段沉积时期应与土仑阶对应。通过对松科1井南孔青一段岩心的精细描述,揭示其岩性-岩相-旋回的沉积序列及其过程。青一段识别出6种岩石类型(泥岩、白云岩、泥灰岩、重结晶灰岩、介形虫灰岩和火山灰)。相类型为深湖亚相以及白云岩沉积、泥灰岩沉积、灰岩沉积、深湖浊流沉积、火山灰沉积和深湖静水泥沉积共6种沉积微相。青一段中可识别的米级旋回(六级旋回)有4种类型,可划分出81个米级旋回。这些米级旋回叠加成25个五级旋回、6个四级旋回,识别出1个三级旋回界面。对青山口组一段暗色泥岩、白云岩、火山灰等特殊事件层的精细刻画对于松辽盆地的缺氧事件、烃源岩、湖海沟通事件研究具有重要意义。     

伊朗西南部上白垩统Sarvak组储层特征及主控因素

运用取芯,薄片,电镜扫描及三维地震等资料,对位于扎格罗斯盆地盆缘当前热点开发区的伊朗A油田上白垩统Sarvak组储层特征及主控因素进行研究。研究表明:Sarvak组储层岩性以富含厚壳蛤、有孔虫、钙化藻和浮游有孔虫等生屑颗粒的灰岩和白垩灰岩为主。储层受岩溶作用影响明显,储集空间以生屑铸模孔,灰泥溶蚀孔群,溶孔,溶洞为主。结合压汞,孔渗关系,岩性等因素在层内综合划分出孔洞-孔隙型,裂缝-孔隙型,孔隙型和致密非储层四类。最有利储层为孔洞-孔隙型,岩性主要为富厚壳蛤碎屑灰岩,次有利储层为裂缝-孔隙型和孔隙型,岩性主要为富有孔虫碎屑白垩灰岩。储层主控因素为层内三级层序边界,古地貌隆起和岩石破裂作用。三级层序边界控制有利储层垂向位置,古地貌隆起控制储层性质平面分布,岩石破裂作用影响储层整体含油性。基于以上认识提出勘探开发建议:对层内三级界面的识别和明确原沉积期古隆起位置为确定油田垂向优先开发层位及平面有利开发区域的关键。距层序界面较远,厚度较大的白垩储层受岩石破裂作用影响较大,纵横向分布发育不稳定,储量计算应考虑对纵向不同类别储层进行分类评价。     

Traces of historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the Ashburton Delta (north‐west Australia)

Although the north‐western coast of Western Australia is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and tsunamis, little is known about the geological imprint of historic and prehistoric extreme wave events in this particular area. Despite a number of site‐specific difficulties such as post‐depositional changes and the preservation potential of event deposits, both tropical cyclones and tsunamis may be inferred from the geomorphology and the stratigraphy of beach ridge sequences, washover fans and coastal lagoons or marshes. A further challenge is the differentiation between tsunami and storm deposits in the geological record, particularly where modern deposits and/or historical reports on the event are not available. This study presents a high‐resolution sedimentary record of washover events from the Ashburton River delta (Western Australia) spanning approximately the last 150 years. A detailed characterization of event deposits is provided, and a robust chronostratigraphy for the investigated washover sequence is established based on multi‐proxy sediment analyses and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Combining sedimentological, geochemical and high‐resolution optically stimulated luminescence data, event layers are assigned to known historical events and tropical cyclone deposits are separated from tsunami deposits. For the first time, the 1883 Krakatoa and 1977 Sumba tsunamis are inferred from sedimentary records of the north‐western part of Western Australia. It is demonstrated that optically stimulated luminescence applied in coastal sedimentary archives with favourable luminescence characteristics can provide accurate chronostratigraphies even on a decadal timescale. The results contribute to the data pool of tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits in Holocene stratigraphies; however, they also demonstrate how short‐lived sediment archives may be in dynamic sedimentary environments.     

东昆仑东段下三叠统洪水川组沉积序列与盆地构造原型恢复

下三叠统洪水川组沉积地层研究结果表明,洪水川组由底到顶可划分为6个岩性段,一段主要为灰绿-肝红色粗碎屑岩及紫红色细碎屑岩组合;二段主要为灰绿色含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩夹砾岩组合;三段以深灰色-灰黑色薄层-中薄层灰岩为主,四段主要为浅灰色-灰色中-薄层粉砂岩夹灰色薄层灰岩组合,五段主要为鲍马序列中某几段有规律的浊积岩组合,六段主要为灰色中薄层细砾岩、含细砾粗砂岩、细砂岩夹薄层钙质粉砂岩及灰岩组合。岩石组合及沉积结构构造特征表明,洪水川组一段和二段属于扇三角洲沉积体系,三段和四段属于浅海混积陆棚沉积体系,五段属于半深海-深海浊流沉积体系,六段属于滨浅海沉积体系。洪水川组沉积序列与弧前盆地沉积序列相似,记录了一个弧前盆地初始沉积、正常沉积、晚期沉积等连续的沉积-构造演化过程,认为洪水川组是一套形成于阿尼玛卿-布青山古特提斯洋向北俯冲过程中的弧前盆地的产物,客观记录了东昆仑三叠纪弧前盆地形成及古洋壳俯冲过程。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组层序地层特征新认识

在现代沉积学和层序地层学理论的指导下,综合利用沉积环境标志、露头剖面、岩芯、测井、地震和古生物等资料,通过层序界面的识别和划分,认为鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组划分为5个三级沉积层序更为合理。根据延长组旋回特征和体系域的发育情况,分析了沉积旋回的边界及演化特征和层序对延长组生储盖层配置关系的控制作用。     

陆丰凹陷T5地震反射层特征及其油气勘探意义

陆丰凹陷T5反射层整体上为3个正向和2个负向同相轴组成的(较)强反射波组,其中部为正向轴,即本次研究追踪的T5反射轴连续、分布广、最稳定,在深洼区为下超终止面,向岸或古地貌高地为上超面,是最好的区域对比和地震追踪标志层。T5反射层整体对应3个岩性层段,其中部岩性段为灰岩或与之可对比的灰岩与砂泥岩的互层,陆丰凹陷北西部则均为砂泥岩,并对应T5反射轴,年龄185 Ma,为三级层序TB21最大洪泛期前后的沉积,是南海运动以来海水整体变深背景下,陆丰凹陷首次由滨海过渡到浅海陆架的一次明显海侵期沉积。中部岩性段之上常为一套砂岩层及再向上的泥岩发育段,为TB21下降体系域和另一期海侵沉积;中部岩性段之下邻接的砂泥岩互层层段为TB21内的一个四级层序。T5反射层对应灰岩与其上下不同级别层序界面附近储盖组合有利;层序的旋回变化及继承性发育的地貌高地是该层段油气有利勘探区带平面展布的主控因素。     

An amalgamated meter-thick sedimentary package enabled by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in El Garrapatero,Galapagos Islands

Tsunamis and storms instigate sedimentological and geomorphological changes to the coastal system, both long-term and ephemeral. To accurately predict future coastal hazards, one must identify the records that are generated by the processes associated with these hazards and recognize what will be preserved. Using eyewitness accounts, photographs, and sedimentology, this study documents pre- and post-tsunami conditions and constrains the timing and process of depositional events during and following the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami in the coastal system at El Garrapatero, Galapagos Islands. While the tsunami acted as both an erosional and depositional agent, the thick, fan-like sand sheet in El Garrapatero was primarily emplaced by overwash deposition during high tide from swell waves occurring between 19–25 March and 17–22 April 2011. The swell waves were only able to access the terrestrial coastal system via a channel carved by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami through the barrier sand dune. This combined deposit could result in an overestimation of the hazard if interpreted to be the result of only one event (either tsunami or wind-generated waves). An analogous sand layer, younger than 1390–1530 cal yr BP, may record a similar, prior event.     

Offshore depositional sequence of 2004 tsunami from Chennai, SE coast of India

Offshore sediment characteristics of the 2004 tsunami were identified from a shallow core collected from the Chennai Coast, India. The depositional sequence clearly distinguishes four different processes: mixed facies (post-tsunami): 0–8 cm; tsunami return flow facies (TRFF): 8–20 cm; tsunami landward flow facies: 20–44 cm; and pre-tsunami facies: 44–64 cm, which all took place during and after the tsunami event. The coarse-grained nature and higher carbonate in the TRFF indicate that considerable sediment load was transported from the beach/land area to the offshore region during the return flow of tsunami waves. The relatively greater abundance of benthic foraminiferal species in the core sample suggests that the taxa were transported from deeper regions of the inner shelf regions of Bay of Bengal region. The depositional characteristics in this region can be utilized for future comparative studies from this region as well as in other offshore regions affected by tsunamis with sequence-based studies on local topography.