Geochemical Study on An IOCG Deposit in the Lamandau Region, Kalimantan Island, Indonesia

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Tertiary facies architecture in the Kutai Basin,Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Kutai Basin occupies an area of extensive accommodation generated by Tertiary extension of an economic basement of mixed continental/oceanic affinity. The underlying crust to the basin is proposed here to be Jurassic and Cretaceous in age and is composed of ophiolitic units overlain by a younger Cretaceous turbidite fan, sourced from Indochina. A near complete Tertiary sedimentary section from Eocene to Recent is present within the Kutai Basin; much of it is exposed at the surface as a result of the Miocene and younger tectonic processes. Integration of geological and geophysical surface and subsurface data-sets has resulted in re-interpretation of the original facies distributions, relationships and arrangement of Tertiary sediments in the Kutai Basin. Although much lithostratigraphic terminology exists for the area, existing formation names can be reconciled with a simple model explaining the progressive tectonic evolution of the basin and illustrating the resulting depositional environments and their arrangements within the basin. The basin was initiated in the Middle Eocene in conjunction with rifting and likely sea floor spreading in the Makassar Straits. This produced a series of discrete fault-bounded depocentres in some parts of the basin, followed by sag phase sedimentation in response to thermal relaxation. Discrete Eocene depocentres have highly variable sedimentary fills depending upon position with respect to sediment source and palaeo water depths and geometries of the half-graben. This contrasts strongly with the more regionally uniform sedimentary styles that followed in the latter part of the Eocene and the Oligocene. Tectonic uplift documented along the southern and northern basin margins and related subsidence of the Lower Kutai Basin occurred during the Late Oligocene. This subsidence is associated with significant volumes of high-level andesitic–dacitic intrusive and associated volcanic rocks. Volcanism and uplift of the basin margins resulted in the supply of considerable volumes of material eastwards. During the Miocene, basin fill continued, with an overall regressive style of sedimentation, interrupted by periods of tectonic inversion throughout the Miocene to Pliocene.     

Natural resources inventory of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur), Indonesia

Summary The natural resources inventory of Kalimantan Timur has proven the value of remote sensing techniques as an approach to a modern resources inventory. Under the given conditions of poorly accessible, heavily vegetated areas, the limitations of knowledge, and time and fund restrictions, there was practically no other choice. In the case of the Kalimantan Timur resources exploration, the combination of the three different techniques turned out to be very advantageous. Besides, it was one of the few instances in the world so far, where SLAR surveys have been carried out.Each of the three described survey methods is a different technology which can be used independently from others, and each of these has its advantages for a broad variety of qualitative and quantitative applications and purposes, depending on the accuracy expectations and the necessities of a project. It is very important to define in advance the specific tasks and the quality to be accomplished by remote sensing so that the cost/time factors and the technical procedures can be fitted to the optimal approach of the investigations. It also needs to be emphasized that the required scale influences the instrumental and technical methods to be chosen but also the costs and duration of any type of inventory. One of the major advantages of remote sensing is the capability of procuring next to any kind of earth resources data in any region of the world at extremely low costs per unit area in a relatively short time.For the implementation of any project, conventional terrestrial surveys may still be necessary to some extent. However, they can be reduced to a minimum or concentrate on specific tasks or areas, where their application is inevitable.     

Alluvial gold in Kalimantan, Indonesia: A colloidal origin?

Extensive placer gold deposits occur in Quaternary palaeochannels in the Ampalit and Cempaga Buang drainage basins near Kasongan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Broad interfluvial Pleistocene terraces surrounding the drainages also contain significant amounts of placer gold. The “channel” and “terrace” gold deposits together cover an area in excess of 180 km².Exploration for gold at Ampalit followed traditional alluvial methods, and assumed that mechanical and gravitational factors were the principal mechanisms affecting gold accumulation and concentration. Gold was considered to be physically reworked from terraces and redeposited in the present drainage channels or underlying, laterally displaced, palaeochannels. However, a comparison of gold grains from the Ampalit drainage channel and adjacent terraces indicates that gold grains in the drainage channels are possibly of colloidal origin and not mechanically transported to their present domain.The morphology of gold grains from the Ampalit drainage is compared with grains from adjacent terraces, using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The latter procedure allows for nondestructive analysis to give true three dimensional surface topography down to nanometre resolution. Evidence from force microscopy supports a colloidal origin for gold aggregates.The average purity of gold produced from the Ampalit dredging operation is 970 fine (970/1000) and the majority of examined gold grains extracted from beneath the drainage channel have a purity of 998 fine. This unusually high degree of purity suggests a selective dissolution/aggregation mechanism. We propose that gold is transported downward and laterally in groundwater percolating through the terrace sands and gravels to the current drainage as a humic acid-stabilised colloid. As the pregnant groundwater migrates toward the present drainage channels, it encounters a sleep chemical gradient and the colloid aggregates. The aggregation process occurs near clay zones within palaeochannel sands and gravels beneath the present river sediments. Here the colloidal aggregates form small grains (usually <1 mm) of extremely high purity.Today, the inherently unstable gold deposits at Ampalit are in a state of both aggregation and dissolution. Identification of low energy zones, location of point bar lags in palaeo and recent drainage channels, and the extrapolation of areas of low energy are not solely valid as exploration guides for gold accumulation in this environment. Exploration methods that also recognise ground water migration and composition, and the geochemical controls of dissolution and aggregation, will improve the ability to identify ore accumulations, thus contributing to improved economics of mining these deposits.     

Multivariate fire risk models using copula regression in Kalimantan,Indonesia

Natural Hazards - Forest fires have become a national issue yearly and elicited serious attention from the government and researchers in Indonesia. Copula-based joint distribution can construct a...     

Volcanogenic tonsteins from tertiary coal measures,East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Laterally persistent tonsteins, up to 30 cm thick, occur in coal seams and associated sediments in the Tertiary Kutei Basin of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, where Neogene strata which form a generally eastward-prograding, marginal-marine to fluvio-deltaic sequence, are disposed in a north-northeast to south-southwest striking fold belt, centred on Samarinda. Eight tonsteins have so far been recorded in the middle to upper Miocene of the Badak syncline, some 40 km south-southwest of Samarinda, and range from tonsteins in the strict sense (kaolinite-mudstones of wide stratigraphical extent) including graupen and kristall varieties, to smectite-mudstones. They may pass laterally into each other. Most contain pyroclasts in varying stages of alteration and are regarded as volcanogenic. Primary textures include microscopic vitroclastic aggregates completely argillised to smectite, graded crystal-tuffs with abundant sanidine, glass shards and secondary vermiform kaolinite crystals, and argillised lithic tuffs. Texturally and compositionally these Tertiary tonsteins are closely similar to European Carboniferous tonsteins and this strengthens the conclusion of a volcanogenic origin even where pyroclastic textures have been removed through alteration. The East Kalimantan tonsteins are of economic and stratigraphic significance in providing distinctive horizons which have proved useful in aiding correlation of boreholes drilled in a coal-resource project in this area.     

Late-Holocene evolution of the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The late-Holocene Mahakam delta, located along the tropical eastern shore of Kalimantan, Indonesia, is considered to be a textbook example of a mixed tide–fluvial dominated delta system. The delta prograded about 60 km during the past 5000 years, which led to the development of a distinct network of distributary and tidal channels. Wave action is low due the limited fetch in the narrow strait of Makassar. Mahakam River discharge is about a quarter of the Mississippi River discharge and is characterized by absence of flood surges. Therefore, natural levees, crevasse splays and avulsions are absent in the delta plain. For the past four decennia, both modern and ancient Mahakam delta deposits have been studied in detail in order to better understand subsurface Miocene and Tertiary Mahakam deposits, which host large volumes of hydrocarbons.

This study focuses on the dynamics and stratal patterns of delta plain, delta-front platform deposits and suspended sediments. Due to the predominance of semi-diurnal tides and the associated flow reversals, depositional patterns are highly variable which has resulted in the formation of characteristic sand–mud couplets. The distribution of the sand–mud couplets found in this study differs from previously proposed conceptual models. They are limited to the fluvial domain and form in the distributary channels (lateral channel bar) or at the fluvial dominated delta-front platform, which flanks the mouth bar deposits in offshore direction. The sand–mud couplets which formed as delta-front platform and lateral channel bar deposits are similar and can only be identified based on their ¹⁴C age. The sand content decreases significantly towards the tidal dominated areas due to limitation in transport capacity. Turbidity measurements taken in front of the river mouth also show rapid settlement of river plume sediments.

Some 22 new AMS ¹⁴C dates show that late Holocene sea level history resembles the eustatic sea level curve giving a first approximation of the Late Holocene sea level history for East Kalimantan. The dates suggest that the progradational delta system evolved under conditions of slowly rising sea level, which compares well to the eustatic sea level curve. In addition, calculated averaged deposition rates of the sand–mud couplets indicate that deposition is driven by the spring–neap tide cycles instead of the daily tidal cycle.     

西藏邦卓玛地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

本文通过在西藏邦卓玛地区开展的1∶10000土壤地球化学测量工作,运用元素的变化系数、元素富集离散特征对邦卓玛地区土壤地球化学测量的12种微量元素进行地球化学统计分析,论述了12种微量元素的成矿潜力,得出Au、Ag、W、Pb、Sb 5种元素具有较大的成矿潜力。并通过相关分析、因子分析确立了测区内元素组合特征,共划分了三组主成矿元素组合(即Au-Ag-Cu-Bi-W;PbSn;Sb),运用衬值异常法在区内圈定组合异常,结果显示,组合异常明显,异常套合较好,大体呈NW向串珠状展布。根据组合衬值异常叠加,在研究区内圈定了4个重点靶区,为下一步在该区内寻找Au、Ag、Sb、W、Pb等多金属矿提供了理论依据。     

西藏浪卡子县穷子地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

在西藏浪卡子县穷子地区进行的1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量工作中,采用变化系数对测区10种微量元素进行地球化学统计分析,得知Au元素具有较大的成矿潜力;运用统计学软件SPSS19对10种元素含量值进行相关性分析、R型聚类分析和R型因子分析,划分出As-Au-Sb、Pb-Mo-Zn、Bi-Ag和Cu-W等4组元素组合;采用异常下限值圈定单元素异常和组合异常,结果显示As-Au-Sb组合异常和W元素异常强度较高,三级浓度分带清晰,浓集中心连续,具有较好的找矿前景;高品位Au矿化蚀变带的圈定,为下一步找矿工作提供了理论依据,显示出较好的找矿潜力。     

The stratigraphy and fire history of the Kutai Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia

The equatorial peatlands of the Kutai lowland of eastern Kalimantan are generally 4–10 m in thickness but some sections exceed 16 m in depth. The deposition of peat commenced about 8000 yrs ago after shallow flooding of the basin by the Mahakam River. The earliest vegetation is a Pandanus swamp which grades upwards to swamp forest dominated by dipterocarps. The peatland has expanded laterally and rivers have maintained narrow levee-channel tracks through the swamp, which has grown vertically in balance with river accretion. Historical fires are associated with extreme El Niño years of drought, but human agency is important. The fires of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 burnt up to 85% of the vegetation on the peatland. Although charcoal analyses show that fire has occurred throughout the history of the peatland, it is rare in forests remote from rivers until the last 3000 years and only common within the last millennium. Fires are earlier and more frequent in sites accessible from waterways, and floodplains have been widely burnt down to water table or below, forming extensive lakes.     

赞比亚西北省兴安矿区地球化学异常及找矿意义

赞比亚矿产资源非常丰富,但以往只把铜钴矿及宝石矿作为重点找矿目标,对金矿等勘查重视程度不够。在赞比亚西北省兴安矿区开展了1∶1万土壤地球化学测量工作,通过元素分布特征、单元素异常特征、元素相关性分析、相关元素累乘组合异常研究,确定了找矿靶区;经过钻孔深部验证,发现铜金矿体,验证了异常为矿致异常。     

Reservoir potential of carbonate rocks in the Kutai Basin region,East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Fifteen percent of the exploration wells drilled in the Kutai Basin region were targeted for stratigraphic play-types. Carbonate reservoirs comprise almost 70% of the objectives in these stratigraphic plays. There was need for a better understanding of the carbonate reservoir potential in the region. Accordingly, this study was carried out. The distribution, depositional environment as well as factors controlling the quality of carbonate reservoirs are reviewed and analyzed. Carbonate reservoirs in the study area can be found sparsely throughout the Kutai Basin. Carbonates range in age from Oligocene (Bebulu limestone) to Late Miocene (Dian limestone). The main constituents of these carbonate build-ups are platy-corals, encrusting red algae and larger benthonic foraminifera. Most of the carbonates were deposited in a shallow marine environment (inner to middle shelf) during rises in relative sea level. Highstand system tracts are characterized by well-developed carbonate facies-belts. The carbonate build-ups generally occur as isolated bedded mounds, from a few feet up to 1000 ft in thickness. The preservation of primary porosity is generally poor due to diagenetic processes during burial history, particularly the infilling of pores by non-ferroan calcite cement. The development of secondary porosity is limited, due to the retardation of subsurface fluid flow by non-permeable layers, and the absence of solution effects due to sub-aerial exposure and karstification. Preserved porosities are mainly present as vugs, best developed in coarse-grained shelf-margin facies, which may not have subsequently been completely filled by calcite cement. Early hydrocarbon migration may retard the diagenetic processes and preserve the primary carbonate porosity.     

四川木里烟依金矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿预测

烟依矿区位于我国重要的金成矿区带甘孜-理塘构造结合带南段,紧邻梭罗沟金矿,在对烟依矿区进行1:10000地质草测,基本查明该矿区地质条件,在此基础上,对矿区开展1﹕10000土壤地球化学测量工作。通过样品Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg五种微量元素含量特征分析,显示Au元素为测区内成矿有利元素。使用数理统计软件对样品5种元素进行降维,划分出Au-As-Sb和Ag-Hg两组元素组合,对组合元素采用衬度累加法进行数据处理,对单元素异常图和组合元素异常图进行套合,并结合地质成矿条件共圈定了4个成矿靶区,通过探槽工程对靶区YY-2和靶区YY-4进行验证,确定了Au1和Au2两条金矿化体,显示了本区金土壤地球化学找矿的有效性。     

Geological implications of new biostratigraphic data from East and West Kalimantan, Indonesia

This paper presents palaeontological ages based on new nannofossil and foraminiferal studies from a range of sedimentary rocks from the provinces of West and East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The age of sedimentary rocks in Kalimantan, away from the main hydrocarbon exploration areas of the coastal regions, represents a major gap in our basic knowledge of the island of Borneo. The implications of these new results and existing and new correlations are reviewed and suggested. In particular, the base of the Tertiary section in the Kutai Basin is shown to be upper Middle Eocene in age, rather than Late Eocene as originally thought. The limestones of the Batu Belah member of the Ujoh Bilang Formation are dated as NP24–25, Late Oligocene, rather than Early Oligocene as earlier work had suggested. In the western part of the Mangkalihat Peninsula area the base of the Tertiary section is determined to be Late Oligocene. Various basement units from both East and West Kalimantan contained Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous microfossils.     

Geochemical prospecting using seaweed,shellfish and fish

Lead and zinc concentrations within seaweed and mussels of a West Greenland fjord increase toward an adjacent sphalerite-galena-pyrite deposit. Secondary marine organisms can be useful for prospecting purposes in this area.     

衡阳盆地北缘国庆矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿方向

对国庆矿区开展了1∶10000地质简测,在了解矿区地质特征的基础上进行了1∶10000土壤地球化学测量工作。Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、W、Mo7种微量元素含量特征(变异系数、富集系数和浓集比率)显示,Cu、Au、W元素为区内成矿有利元素。运用统计学软件SPSS19对7种微量元素含量值进行R型聚类分析和R型因子分析,划分出Cu-Pb-Ag和Au-Mo两组主成矿元素组合。采用衬度异常法对成矿有利元素和两组主成矿元素组合进行处理成图,共圈定了2个异常靶区。经过地表工程和深部工程验证,确定了一条一定规模的工业铜矿体。     

溧阳盆地金山地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿效果

近年来江南古陆北缘陆续取得找矿突破,但其毗邻的溧阳盆地鲜有地质找矿成果报道。通过溧阳盆地矿产地质远景调查,在分析区域成矿地质特征的基础上,对1:5万水系沉积物测量圈定的金山异常开展了1:10000土壤地球化学测量。运用多元统计学方法,对Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、As、Bi、Hg、W、Mo、Sn 11种元素进行地球化学参数统计、聚类分析及因子分析,发现W、Pb等元素的找矿有利信息及其与热液活动相关的多阶段成矿作用。采用不同岩性分区异常下限衬值法圈定W、Pb元素地球化学异常28处,采用多因子叠加法圈定综合异常6处。以Z-03及Z-06综合异常为例,从成矿地质作用与综合异常特征角度进行评价,结果表明综合异常主要受断裂构造、中酸性岩体与灰岩接触带控制;进一步对Z-06综合异常开展槽探及钻探验证,发现了钨工业矿体及铅-锌矿脉,为区域下一步矿产勘查指明了方向。     

Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia

Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential.     

广东翁城地区地球化学找矿前景分析

本文通过分析翁城调查区的地质特征和元素组合分布规律,将该区划分为49个综合异常区,并根据异常分布特征、成矿地质条件和异常查证结果,将其归纳为3个找矿远景区:Ⅰ以W、Sn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、Sb为主,Ⅱ以W、Sn、Mo为主,Ⅲ为采矿污染区,有待进一步查证。     

吉林省通化市苇沙河金矿区土壤地球化学测量及找矿潜力

苇沙河金矿化区是吉林省地质科学研究所近年来发现的具有较大金成矿潜力的重要找矿靶区。为进一步评价矿化区的成矿远景,对苇沙河矿区开展了1:1万土壤地球化学测量工作。结果表明,区内存在42处金异常。部分异常经初步查证发现了多条金矿脉体,表明了矿区具有良好的找矿远景。