1983年夏季西北太平洋上台风活动期的热带环流特征

台风发生数存在着年际变化.章基嘉和Chan研究了台风发生数与大气环流之间的联系,这是台风发生数长期预报的物理基础.台风发生数除年际变化外还存在着季节内的变化.台风主要发生在夏季,随大气环流的季节变化,西北太平洋进入台风季节.但台风季节内某一段时期有台风的连续发生和活动,我们称这一段时期为台风活动期;另一段时期无台风发生和活动,我们称它为无台风活动期.因为台风的发生是受环流制约的,故台风活动期与无台风活动期之间应有不同的环流.这种影响季节内台风活动的环流特征至今还不十分清楚.本文研究1983年夏季台风活动期的环流特征,为进一步研究并探讨台风中期预报提供一定的物理基础.     

西北太平洋台风路径的聚类分析

重点研究了1983—2002年的西北太平洋台风最佳路径数据资料集,运用Python编程语言,编写聚类分析程序,对台风数据进行聚类分析。通过资料中包含的台风强度、中心位置坐标的台风路径特征参数,利用K均值聚类法对西北太平洋台风路径进行客观地分类,分类数选定为6类。比较各类台风路径类型的生成位置、强度、气候趋势等特征,为台风路径的气候预测提供有用的信息。结果主要表明:6类台风包含4类转向路径台风和两类西北偏西的直行路径台风;直行路径台风几乎全部影响我国,转向路径中只有1类台风主要影响我国;从各类台风发生的频数来看,两类直行路径台风均呈下降趋势,有3类转向路径台风呈上升趋势。     

2022年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

利用中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径等资料,对2022年西北太平洋及南海台风活动的主要特征和影响我国台风的路径、强度及风雨影响进行分析和回顾。结果表明：2022年西北太平洋及南海台风生成个数与常年持平,台风总体强度偏弱,生成源地显著偏北;登陆台风个数偏少,登陆强度偏弱;有3个台风集中在广东西部登陆,另外强台风“梅花”是1949年以来首个4次登陆不同省份的台风。全年多台风事件频发,共存的台风共计有11组,历史罕见。2022年台风灾害影响较轻,夏台风偏少,秋台风活跃。     

台风波浪场的分析

本文应用西北太平洋50个台风的波浪资料进行了统计分析,获得了台风主要参数与台风波高之间的关系:(1)台风波高随风速的增大而增高;(2)台风移动方向右半圆的波高大于左半圆;(3)台风波高随离开台风中心距离的减少而增大。     

基于最大熵原理的台风统计预报

台风以最无序的方式在沿海各地登陆，意味着台风熵达到了极大值。在给定的约束条件下，当台风熵取极大值时，台风强度是一种指数分布。根据最大熵原理和1949年以来中国登陆台风的实测资料，揭示了台风强度的分布形式，提出了台风复发期的概念，这对登陆台风的统计预报有所裨益。     

台风扰动下上海港潮位的增减水变化

文章根据解放后影响上海的几次台风及相应水位资料,分析了上海港水域增减水过程与台风中心到达的位置,台风路径,台风强度、风向等关系。认为上海港台风风暴潮在天文潮已确定的情况下,还与台风强度、路径、系统配置等有密切关系。一般说来,增水以沿海北上台风比在闽、浙登陆的台风影响大。     

影响湛江的台风风场数值模拟

本文利用对称型台风风场模型和基于特征线的非对称型台风风场，同时采用背景风场与台风模型风场的合成的方法，研究了影响湛江的台风气压场和风场的数值模拟。研究结果表明：(1)当台风气压场的不对称特征明显时，采用非对称型台风风场模型模拟的结果明显优于对称型台风风场模型的结果；(2)利用背景风场与台风模型风场的合成要比单独使用台风模型风场更好。     

2021年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

利用中央气象台台风实时业务资料、自动气象站观测资料以及卫星云图等对2021年西北太平洋及南海台风活动的主要特征和影响我国台风的路径、强度及风雨影响进行分析和回顾。结果表明：2021年西北太平洋及南海台风生成个数偏少,生成源地整体偏西;台风强度偏弱,但有多个台风出现了快速增强,其中台风“烟花”“灿都”的24 h强度增幅达40 m·s^-1,为近30 a少见;2021年先后有5个台风登陆我国,另有2个台风影响我国。在登陆台风中,4个登陆华南的台风强度均弱于历史平均值。所有登陆台风在登陆后的维持时间都明显高于历史均值,特别是台风“烟花”为历史上登陆华东后维持时间最长的台风,给我国带来了严重的灾害影响。     

再论台风波浪的波型及其与海岩工程设计波浪要素的关系

本文以实测台风波浪资料对台风影响过程中固定点波浪能量集中度的变化和有效波陡的变化进行分析，得出华南近岸浅水区台风波浪的波型与台风中心位置的统计关系，并进一步阐明了台风过程中固定点出现较大台风波浪的波型是风浪以及用于海岸工程设计的台风波浪亦为风浪的结论，文中讨论了台风波浪波型对海岸工程建设中的设计波高，周期等要素取值的影响。     

“莫拉克”台风登陆前西行路径分析

对0908号台风“莫拉克”登陆台湾前的西行路径特点进行了分析.结果表明,副高的强势西进是维持台风西行的根本原因;2个双台风效应的合成叠加是维持台风西行的重要因素;台风沿对流层低层相对湿度湿轴移动的趋势对台风西行有指示作用;强潮汐的激发作用与台风西行相关.     

养殖文蛤体内寄生的一种吸虫幼虫及宿主组织病理学

作为文蛤吸虫病害研究的基础资料,报道了寄生在文蛤体内的1种复殖吸虫幼虫的形态结构及宿主由此所产生的组织病理学变化。研究表明：该吸虫分别为咆蚴和尾蚴。咆蚴圆筒形,内含不同发育阶段的尾蚴。成熟尾蚴体成扁平舌状,具有口吸盘、腹吸盘,1对眼点和1条细长无刺的尾巴。该吸虫主要侵占生殖腺,少部分幼虫进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、肾等部位。轻微感染者,生殖滤泡萎缩,生殖细胞发育滞后;严重感染的宿主,生殖腺完全被侵占并耗尽。消化盲囊、鳃、肾等器官组织也因幼虫感染呈现不同程度的病理学变化;严重者上皮细胞水肿或脱落,肌肉组织结构紊乱或溶解等。本工作同时显示,吸虫寄生可诱发宿主血淋巴细胞大量增生,并产生凝集、组织浸润及形成包囊等免疫反应。     

惯性技术视角下动态重力测量技术评述(一):比力测量与载体动态的影响

重力测量系统中测量的重力,即重力加速度,是一种特殊的加速度,因而重力传感器是一种特殊的加速度计。在动态场合,现代重力仪一般采用基于陀螺仪构建的各种平台为重力传感器提供姿态基准。因此采用加速度计和陀螺仪这些惯性元件的动态重力测量系统可以看做是惯性技术的一种具体应用。从惯性技术的角度对动态重力测量的理论和现状进行了分析。首先介绍了在地球表面附近进行重力测量时涉及的参考坐标系。然后详细推导了动态重力测量的基本理论,即比力测量理论,指出比力方程是动态重力测量和惯性导航的共同基础。最后对不同载体对动态重力测量系统的影响与要求进行了分析。     

Impact of a scallop drag on the sediment chemistry, microbiota, and faunal assemblages of a shallow subtidal marine benthic community

Scallops are usually obtained by means of a heavy metal dredge that is pulled over the sea bottom. Most studies of the impact of this gear type have shown that larger invertebrates, in particular, are severely disturbed. These studies, however, have been conducted on coarse sediments, ranging from sands to cobble, and have dealt only with faunal changes. In this paper the impact of a New England type scallop dredge on the fauna and sedimentary nutritional characteristics of a silty sand community is detailed. The site, in the Damariscotta River, Maine, USA, was sampled during the fall and winter prior to, then again immediately following, the dragging event, and twice more over the ensuing six months. Loss of surficial sediment, lowered food quality of the sediment (as measured by microbial populations, enzyme hydrolysable amino acids, and chlorophyll a), and changes in the faunal composition of the dragged site were observed. While some taxa returned to the drag track relatively quickly, others such as the cumaceans, phoxocephalid and photid amphipods, and nephtyid polychaetes, were not seen in abundances comparable to those of the adjacent undragged site until the food quality also recovered.     

江苏省宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬与环棱螺研究

江苏宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬(Corbicula)与环棱螺(Bellamya)计有10种,其中篮蚬8种,环棱螺2种,属种虽然不多,但是个体数量极多。可分成4个组合类群:一是Corbicula fluminea-Corbicula largillierti组合。这个组合类群地质历程长,适应性强,个体数量多,分布广泛;最早发现于青海柴达木盆地第三系,代表古老类群。二是Corbicula obrutschewi-Corbicula takasaga组合,这个组合类群壳体较大,轮廓三角形,壳长略大于壳高;C. obrutschewi产于河北张家口岔道村附近的下更新统;C. takasaga发现于台湾新竹的上新统苗栗组;但在中、上更新统时期未发现本组合代表,可是到全新世时,宜兴的西溪、骆驼墩又出现本组合代表,似乎是返祖现象。三是Corbicula celsusapica-Corbicula yixingensis组合。本类群壳体中等大小,厚而膨凸,轮廓高圆三角形,壳高大于壳长,壳顶宽大而高耸,铰板宽,壳顶腔很深;Corbicula celsusapica发现于浙江湖州上更新统,C. yixingensis到目前仅见于宜兴。本组合为长江下游的宜兴和浙江湖州新生代晚期的特有种。四是Bellamya quadrata-Bellamya viviparoides组合。本组合在上更新统至现在的河流、湖泊均有,其中B. quadrata化石发现于江苏新沂上更新统,B. viviparoides化石发现于江苏句容上更新统下蜀组。     

Risk Assessment for Tuzla Naval Base Breakwater

1 .IntroductionTurkeywasstruckbytwomajorearthquakeeventsonAugust 1 7thandNovember 1 2th ,1 999,namedIzmit (Mw=7.4 )andD櫣ｚｃｅ (Mw=7.2 )earthquakes,respectively .ThestationsoperatedbytheGeneralDirectorateofDisasterAffairs,theKandilliObservatoryandEarthquakeResearchInstituteofIstanbulTechnicalUniversitymeasuredatleast 2 7stronggroundmotionsfortheIzmitearthquakewithin 2 0 0kmofthefault.AsignificantsegmentofthefaultrupturedintheareabetweenthewestofGolcukandtheeastofLakeSapanca .Inthesou…     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

Trophic network model of the Northern Adriatic Sea: Analysis of an exploited and eutrophic ecosystem

A quantitative model of the trophic network of Northern Adriatic Sea marine ecosystem during the 1990s has been constructed, with the goal of analysing its trophic structure, identifying the key trophic groups and assessing the anthropogenic impacts on the ecosystem using the Ecopath modelling protocol. The Northern Adriatic Sea is an eutrophic, shallow basin, and one of the most heavily fished areas in the Mediterranean Sea. The network aggregation into discrete trophic levels sensu Lindeman shows that low trophic levels dominate biomass and energy flows, with 40% of the total system throughput flowing out from trophic level 2. Instead, upper trophic levels appear bottom-up controlled, highly depleted and not exerting any control on the trophic network, as shown by mixed trophic impact-based analyses. Microbial loop is comparable to grazing with respect to the magnitude of flows involved, as 66% of the trophic network flows originate from detritus, which is mainly consumed by bacteria. Key trophic groups are plankton groups, macro-crustaceans and detritus, and other r-selected organisms like squids and small pelagics, which have a great influence on the ecosystem. In particular, zooplankton acts as a bottleneck for energy flows, limiting the energy from the low trophic levels effectively reaching the upper food web. The high pelagic production caused by eutrophication sustains high fishery landings and impressive discard quantities, as well as the benthic compartment. Overall, the ecosystem appears quite productive and in a stressed and developmental status. Model results and comparisons with few existing historical data suggest that the low maturity and stressed state of the Northern Adriatic Sea are not only due to natural characteristics, but mainly to anthropogenic pressures.     

Heavy metals in surface sediments of Waiwhetu Stream,Lower Hutt,New Zealand

Abstract

Surface sediment samples (60 μm‐2 mm, and < 60 μm fractions) from the Waiwhetu Stream, Lower Hutt City, New Zealand, were leached with dilute HCl to remove the mobile heavy‐metal fraction. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, and Mn analyses of the leachates show that sediments of the upper reaches area of the stream are generally uncontaminated. In contrast, sediments in the lower reaches area are highly contaminated, despite clean‐up measures in the late 1970s. Lead and Zn are the most significantly enriched metals with concentrations over 1000 mg kg^?1 adjacent to some drains. In the polluted zone, metals originate from either upward remobilisation from underlying sediment (contaminated in the early 1960s and 70s) or more recent industrial spillages. Similar trends exhibited by Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, and Al indicate that a proportion of the metal enrichment downstream probably results from a naturally higher clay content of sediments near the mouth of the stream. Fe and Mn show reverse trends to the other metals, indicating that a high proportion of these two metals occurs in substrate different to that of the other metals. The orange brick‐coloured sediments of the upper reaches of the stream indicate oxides upstream; the black sediments in the lower reaches indicate sulphides downstream.     

Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood

As the global trade and market for seafood has grown, so have the twin problems of renaming and mislabeling. Resource scarcity, the potential for greater profits, and weak legislation have all encouraged incorrect labeling, the results of which include consumer losses, the subversion of eco-marketing, further degradation of fisheries resources, and even adverse effects on human health. This paper examines the extent and consequences of renaming and mislabeling seafood, the state of current legislation, and the importance of future policies, with particular attention to the US, where 80% of the seafood is imported and more than one-third of all fish are mislabeled. Policy recommendations include governments’ support for a global mandate to label species, country of origin, and catching or production method on all seafood with high penalties for infractions. Chain of custody standards, such as those recently implemented by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), should also be considered for adoption worldwide. To garner support for this legislation, consumers must become better acquainted and concerned with their seafood and its origins.     

中国海洋无脊椎动物分类学与系统演化研究进展与展望

综述了我国海域无脊椎动物的分类学和系统演化研究的历史和概况,以及我国分类系统学工作者在海洋无脊椎动物分类学、区系与动物地理学、系统发育与分子系统学领域的主要工作,重点介绍了中国科学院海洋研究所的海洋无脊椎动物分类学工作。涉及类群包括原生动物、海绵动物、刺胞动物、线虫、多毛类环节动物、星虫、螠虫、软体动物、节肢动物、苔藓动物、毛颚动物、棘皮动物、半索动物等主要的无脊椎动物门类。涉及海域以我国管辖海域,特别是中国近海为主,也涉及了西太平洋、西南印度洋等深海环境的无脊椎动物类群的分类学报道。本文总结过去,展望未来,对于在我国在海洋无脊椎动物分类与系统演化研究领域成就基础上,发现薄弱环节,研讨今后本学科的发展方向,填补研究空白,赶超本领域国际前沿,都有重要借鉴意义。